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BOOK    550. P94    c.  1 

PROVIDENCE    FRANKLIN   SOCIETY    #   R 

EPORT   ON   GEOLOGY    OF    RHODE    ISLAND 


VJ1 

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3  T153  0013S17b  fl 


PROVIDENCE    FRANKLIN    SOCIETY. 


REPORT 


G  e:o  logy 


OF 


RHODE   ISLAND. 


(THREE    PLATES.) 


PROVIDENCE : 

PUBLISHED  BY  TUE  SOCIETY. 

1887. 


PROVIDENCK    PRESS  CO.,   PRINTERS. 


ERRATA. 

Page  15.     Insert  "County"  after   "Bristol,"  second   line 
above  the  foot-note. 

Page  57.     "  1877  "  should  read  "1887  ". 

Plates  II.  and  III.   "  X"  should  be  "  X  "• 

Page  82.     The  interrogation  mark  should  be  omitted  after 
"  Smoky  Quartz  ",  and  inserted  after  "  Rose  Quartz". 


REPORT 

OF  THE 

Committee  on  the  Geology  of  Rhode  Island, 

PRESENTED  TO  THE 

PROVIDENCE  FRANKLIN  SOCIETY. 

IN    1887. 


Your  committee,  appointed  June  19,  1883,  has  held  various 
meetings  and  presented  to  the  Society  partial  and  verbal 
reports.  Permission  was  given,  January  6,  1885,  to  report  in 
print ;  but  other  engagements  have  heretofore  prevented  the 
completion  of  the  work. 

It  has  been  found  advisable  to  divide  the  report  into  the  fol- 
lowing distinct  portions : — 

I.  Index  of  Publications  bearing  upon  the  Geology  and 
Mineralogy  of  Rhode  Island. 

II.  Catalogue  of  Rocks  and  Minerals  collected  during  the 
Geological  Survey  of  Rhode  Island,  in  1839. 

III.  Catalogue  of  Fossils   found  in  Rhode  Island. 

IV.  Catalogue  of  Minerals  found  in  Rhode  Island. 

V.  List  of  Localities  in  Rhode  Island  of  interest  to  the 
geologist  and  mineralogist. 

VI.  Results  obtained  by  digging  and  boring  in  Rhode 
Island. 

VII.  General  Remarks. 

The  following  list,  arranged  under  the  first  of  these  heads,  is 
not  presented  as  one  that  is  entirely  complete.     It  is  merely  a 
1 


4  GEOLOGY     OF     RHODE     ISLAND. 

sition"  (now  Carboniferous).     "  Transition  rocks  extend  from 
R.  I.  to  Boston,"  p.  639.     Anthracite  coal  of  R.  I.,  p.  410. 

1818.*  Amos  Eaton.  "Index  to  the  Geology  of  the 
Northern  States."  Several  editions  were  published  in  subse- 
quent years,  with  different  titles  ;  and  in  1830  and  1832  it 
appeared  as  a  "  Geological  Text  Book."   New  York. 

1819.  I.  W.  Webster.  American  Journal  of  Science^ 
vol.  1,  pp.  243-4.  Asbestos  in  the  Anthracite  from  R.  I. 
Refers  to  Dr.  Meade's  account  of  R.  I.  coal. 

1822.  Thomas  H.  Webb.  Amer.  Joum.  Science^  vol. 
4.  Fluor  Spar  near  Providence,  R.  I.,  p.  50.  Notice  of  10 
minerals  in  the  vicinity  of  Prov.,  R.  I.,  pp.  284-5.  Notice  of 
localities  of  6  minerals  in  R.  I,  including  Titanium  and  Cyanite, 
"  an  uncommonly  beautiful  mineral,"  vol.  5,  pp.  402-3. 

1822.  George  T.  Bowen.  Amer.  Joum.  Science,  vol.  5. 
Nephrite  from  Smithfield,  R.  I.  So  called  by  Dr.  Meade, 
but  doubt  expressed  whether  it  is  genuine  nephrite.  "  This 
beautiful  mineral  is  of  a  lively  apple  green."  Specimen  fur- 
nished to  Prof.  Silliman  by  Mr.  Bowen,  of  Providence.  [Since 
called  Bowenite.]  p.  39.  Also  "Vegetable  Impressions  of  ferns 
and  other  plants  remarkably  distinct  in  transition  slate,  Provi- 
dence, R.  I.,"  p.  42.  Analysis  of  the  above  variety  of 
Nephrite  by  George  T.  Bowen,  of  Prov.,  in  laboratory  of  Yale 
College.  "  Its  color  is  bright  apple  green  —  sometimes  tinged 
with  blue."  Differs  from  nephrite  in  chemical  composition  — 
more  water  and  very  little  alumina  —  also  infusible  before 
blowpipe  and  inferior  in  hardness.  Like  ne|)hrite  in  other 
respects,     pp.  346-348. 

1823.  Benjamin  Silliman.  Amer.  Joum.  Science.,  vol. 
6,  p.  353.     Fusion  of  Rhode  Island  anthracite. 

1823.  G.  Troost.  Journal  of  the  Academy  of  Natural 
Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  vol.  3,  pp.  222-3.  Notice  of  the 
Yenite  of  Rhode  Island.  First  time  found  in  United  States,  at 
Cumberland,  R.  I.,  15  miles  north  of  Providence.  Descrip- 
tion given,  sometimes  called  lievrite  (also  ilvaite.) 


PUBLICATIONS.  0 

1823.  John  Torrey.  Annals  of  the  Lyceum  of  Natural 
History  of  N.  F.,  vol.  1,  p.  51.  Notice  of  a  locality  of  Yenite 
in  the  United  States.  Description  given.  Specimen  from 
Samuel  Eddy,  of  Prov.,  R.  I.,  found  at  Cumberland. 

1824.  G.  Troost.  Transactions  of  the  American  Philo- 
sophical Society,  held  at  Philadelphia,  for  Promoting  Useful 
Knowledge,  vol.  2,  pp.  478-480.  "  Notice  of  a  New  Crystal- 
line Form  of  the  Yenite  of  R.  I."  Described,  with  colors, 
location,  etc. ;  called  by  Troost,  "  Prismatic  Yenite."  Spec- 
imen furnished  by  Dr.  Robinson. 

1824.  Thomas  H.  Webb.  A7ner.  Journ.  Science,  vol. 
7.  New  locality  of  Fluor  Spar,  in  Cumberland,  R.  I.,  purple, 
blue,  green,  and  white,  p.  54.  Three  Rocking  Stones  near 
Providence,  and  one  in  Foster,  R.  I.,  p.  61. 

1824.  Steuben  Taylor.  Amer.  Journ.  Science,  vol. 
7.  "  Notice  of  a  Rocking  Stone  in  Warwick,  R.  I."  "  The 
Drum  Rock,"  at  Apponaug,  with  full  description  and  plate,  a 
full  page  drawing,  by  Moses  Partridge,  pp.  201-203.  Ferru- 
ginous sand  at  Block  Island,  and  Green  Talc  at  Smithfield, 
R.  I.,  p.  254. 

1824.  Charles  U.  Shepard.  Amer.  Journ.  Science, 
vol.  7,  p.  251.  Yenite  in  Cumberland,  R.  I.,  at  Tower  Hill, 
with  description. 

1824.  J.  Adams.  Amer.  Journ.  Science,  vol.  8,  p.  199. 
Amethysts  and  other  minerals  lately  found  in  Bristol,  R.  I. 

1824.  Steuben  Taylor,  Thos.  H.  Webb,  and  Samuel 
Robinson.  Amer.  Journ.  Science,  vol.  8,  pp.  225-232. 
Localities  of  R.  I.  minerals,  including  the  Yenite  of  Cumber- 
land, Amethyst  of  Bristol  and  Cumberland,  Zoisite  and  sul- 
phuret  of  Molybdena,  Avith  magnetic  oxide  of  Iron,  in  Cum- 
berland ;  and  many  other  minerals,  in  various  towns  of  the 
State. 

1825.  "  N."  Amer.  Journ.  Science,  vol.  9,  pp.  28-39. 
"  On  Bowlders  and  Rolled  Stones."  Ocean  the  cause,  has 
retired  from  the  land,  perhaps  water  gone  into  caverns  in  the 
earth,  p.  34.     Refers  to  Newport  for  power  of  ocean,  pp.  28-9. 


b  GEOLOGY     OF     RHODE    ISLAND. 

1825.  J.  G.  and  J.  B.  Anthony  and  Samuel  Robinson. 
Amer.  Journ.  Science,  vol.  9,  pp.  46,  47,  49-53,  401.  The 
Anthonys  furnish  localities  of  17  minerals  and  impressions  on 
shale  from  R.  I.  Robinson  furnishes  localities  of  10  minerals, 
including  Yenite  ;  and  50  rock  specimens  from  R.  I.,  including 
basalt  in  mica  slate,  magnetic  iron  stone  of  Cumberland,  gray 
wacke,  etc.  Good  description  of  Purgatory  conglomerate, 
near  Newport. 

Prof.  Silliman  acknowledges  the  receipt  from  the  Franklin 
Society  of  very  fine  specimens  of  the  Bristol  Amethyst.  One 
piece  was  cut,  polished,  and  set  in  gold,  to  be  worn  as  a  bosom 
pin,  presented  to  Prof.  S.  by  the  Providence  Franklin  Society. 
It  is  commended  as  bearing  ' '  an  advantageous  comparison 
with  the  finest  foreign  specimens."  It  was  ground  and  set  by 
Davis  and  Babbitt ;  but  the  work  was  first  incorrectly  attributed 
to  George  Baker. 

1825.  Samuel  Robinson.  "A  Catalogue  of  American 
Minerals,  with  their  Localities  ;  including  all  which  are  known 
to  exist  in  the  United  States  and  British  Provinces."  316  pp. 
Boston.  Pages  79-91  and  290  are  devoted  to  R.  I.,  with  21 
towns  represented.  Five  pages  are  given  to  Cumberland  min- 
erals. Most  of  the  minerals  of  R.  I.  appear  in  this  book, — 
though  not  all  with  modern  names, —  including  Amethyst, 
Yenite,  Zoisite,  Nephrite,  etc.  "  Smithfield.  Basalt?  about  a 
mile  northwest  from  "Woonsocket  village  in  the  race-way  of  the 
Branch  cotton  mill,  in  walls  or  veins,  imbedded  in  mica  slate, 
consisting  of  columns  of  various  sizes  and  figures,  their  faces 
corresponding  to  each  other  so  as  to  form  a  compact  wall." 

1825.  Lardner  Vanuxem.  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sciences 
of  Phila.,  vol.  5,  pp.  17-27.  "  Experiments  on  Anthracite, 
Plumbago,  etc."  Analysis  of  R.  I.  anthracite,  pp.  20,  21. 
Also  in  Amer.  Journ.  Science,  1826,  vol.  10,  pp.  102-109, 
followed  by  replies  of  Hare  and  Silliman. 

1825.  "An  Address  to  the  Inhabitants  of  Rhode  Island  on 
the  subject  of  their  Coal  Mines."  New  York,  16  pp.  Dated 
at  Newport. 


PUBLICATIONS.  7 

1826.  Owen  Mason.  Amer.  Journ.  Science^  vol.  10, 
pp.  9-11.  Notice  of  two  Rocking  Stones  in  R.  I.,  with  two 
drawings:  Fig.  1,  N.  Prov.  ;  Fig.  2,  Smithfield.  Localities 
of  Epidote,  Fibrous  and  Glassy  Tremolite,  Fetid  Quartz,  and 
Actynolite,  in  R.  I. 

1826.  Samuel  Robinson.  Amer.  Journ.  Science,  vol.  10, 
pp.  225-227.     Nacrite,  Brown  Spar,  and  Actynolite,  in  R.  I. 

1826.  Benjamin  Silliman.  Amer.  Journ.  Science.  An- 
thracite Coal  in  Penn.,  with  notes  on  R.  I.  coal,  vol.  10,  pp. 
332-3,  336-7,  342,  344. 

Anthracite  Coal  of  R.  I. — remarks  upon  its  properties  and 
economical  uses  —  read  before  the  Conn.  Academy  of  Arts 
and  Sciences,  vol.  11,  pp.  78-100. 

1827.  William  Meade.  Amer.  Journ.  Science.,  vol.  12. 
Remarks  on  the  Anthracites  of  Europe  and  America,  with 
special  references  to  R.  I.  coal,  pp.  75-83.  Also  Epidote  in 
R.  I.,  p.  309. 

1829.  Amos  Eaton.  Amer.  Journ.  Science,  vol.  16, 
pp.  299-301.  "Argillite,  embracing  Anthracite  Coal,"  in 
R.  I.  and  elsewhere.  The  facts  were  supposed  to  answer  the 
question,  "  Have  we  such  a  rock  as  primitive  argillite?  "  At 
that  time  there  was  discussion  whether  there  are  both  a  primi- 
tive and  a  transition  argillite,  or  the  latter  only. 

1829-37.  3Ianufacturers  and  Farmers'  Journal,  Provi- 
dence. Articles  on  R.  I.  Coal,  Jan.  5  and  15,  1829  ;  March 
17,  1831;  Jan.  15,  1835;  April  25  and  October  17,  1836; 
April  13  (structure  of  Prospect  Hill)  and  Oct.  26,  1837. 

1830.  Charles  U.  Shepard.  Amer.  Journ.  Science, 
vol.  17,  pp.  142-144.  The  new  species,  "  Ferro-silicate  of 
Manganese,"  found  by  him  in  Cumberland,  R.  I.,  at  the  same 
time,  and  in  the  same  rock,  with  Yenite  ;  and  at  first  considered 
identical  with  it.  Ferro-silicate  of  Manganese  first  found  by 
Dr.  Thomson,  in  a  specimen  from  N.  "J.,  and  first  described 
by  him  in  Annals  of  the  Lyceum  of  Natural  History  of  N.  Y., 
vol.  3,  p.  28. 


8  GEOLOGY    OF    RHODE     ISLAND. 

1830.  W.  W.  Mather.  Amer.  Journ.  Science,  vol.  18, 
p.  360.  Iron  sand,  Carnelian,  Jasper,  "  a  chlorite,"  and  iron 
pyrites,  found  at  Westerly  and  Fort  Adams. 

1832.  Charles  IJPH AM  Shepard.  "  Treatise  on  Miner- 
alogy."    New  Haven.     Second  edition,  1844,  168  pp. 

1837.  Charles  U.  Shepard.  "A  Report  on  the  Geolog- 
ical Survey  of  Conn."  188  pp.  New  Haven.  Confined 
chiefly  to  Mineralogy.  1.  An  Economical  Report.  2.  A 
Scientific  Report.  3.  A  Descriptive  Catalogue  of  the  cabinet 
of  about  600  samples  collected. 

1837.  James  D.  Dana.  "A  System  of  Mineralogy." 
New  Haven,  580  pp.  Revised  editions  were  published  in  '44, 
'50,  '54.  The  5th  edition,  1868,  New  York,  827  pp.  ;  Ap- 
pendix 1,  '68-'72  ;  Ap.  2,  '72-'75  ;  Ap.  3,  '75-82  ;  by  G.  J. 
Brush  and  E.  S.  Dana. 

1837-39.  Charles  T.  Jackson.  "Geology  of  the  State 
of  Maine."  Three  Annual  Reports,  printed  by  the  State. 
Also  Two  Annual  Reports  on  the  Geology  of  the  Public  Lands 
belonging  jointly  to  the  States  of  Mass.  and  Me. 

1837-47.  Louis  Agassiz.  Various  articles  and  books 
upon  glaciers  and  the  glacier  theory,  mostly  in  the  French  lan- 
guage. 

1838.  "A  Report  of  the  Important  Hearing  on  the  memo- 
rial of  the  New  England  Coal  Mining  Company  for  encourage- 
ment from  the  State  ;  and  on  the  Numerous  Petitions  of  the 
Freeholders  in  aid  of  the  same  ;  before  the  Select  Special  Com- 
mittee of  the  General  Assembly  of  Rhode  Island  and  Provi- 
dence Plantations  ;  Together  with  the  Report  of  the  Committee 
unanimously  adopted  by  the  Assembly  in  favor  of  the  Prayer 
of  the  Memorialists  and  Petitioners,  and  of  a  Geological  and 
Agricultural  Survey  of  the  State  in  1838."  New  England. 
148  pp. 

1840.  Charles  T.  Jackson.  "  Report  on  the  Geological 
and  Agricultural  Survey  of  the  State  of  Rhode-Island,  made 
under  a  Resolve  of  Legislature  in  the  Year  1839."  312  pp. 
Providence. 


PUBLICATIONS.  9 

This  contains  fourteen  wood-cut  illustrations  in  the  text, 
seven  plates  in  distinct  pages,  four  colored  sections,  and  a  geo- 
logical map  of  the  State,  also  colored  for  the  formations.  It  is 
the  only  geological  work  devoted  exclusively  to  Rhode  Island 
and  covering  the  whole  State.  The  General  Assembly  appro- 
priated $2000,  and  the  Society  for  the  Encouragement  of 
Domestic  Industry  $500,  to  defray  the  expenses  of  the  survey. 
The  time  devoted  to  the  work  was  one  year. 

Considerably  less  than  one-half  of  the  whole  number  of  pages 
is  devoted  to  geology  proper,  the  remainder  of  the  report  treat- 
ing of  the  origin  of  soils,  agricultural  statistics,  agricultural 
observations  on  the  Island  of  Rhode  Island,  the  chemical  anal- 
ysis of  soils,  and  farm  reports.  The  report  of  the  commission 
of  1876  calls  this  survey  a  "  reconnoisance."  It  was  by  no 
means  full  and  exact  when  published,  and  the  changes  in  geo- 
logical theories  and  nomenclature  within  the  last  half  century 
have  been  so  great,  that  this  book  is  practically  nearly  obso- 
lete, and  needs  to  be  interpreted  to  the  present  generation.  The 
necessity  for  a  new  survey  is  apparent,  and  it  is  to  be  hoped 
that  the  United  States  and  the  State  government  will  soon 
supply  the  want. 

Any  one  studying  the  geology  of  Rhode  Island  will,  of 
course,  consult  Jackson's  report,  so  that  no  full  summary  need 
be  given  here.  The  whole  western  half  of  the  State,  the 
northern,  the  southeastern,  and  most  of  the  extreme  southern 
part  of  the  State  are  colored  on  the  map  as  "  Primary."  The 
region  about  Narragansett  Bay,  running  N.  E.  into  Mass.,  is 
"Transition  Grau-wacke."  Block  Island  and  a  strip  from 
Warwick  to  Pawtucket  are  "  Tertiary."  The  Primary  rocks 
are  granite,  gneiss,  and  mica  slate.  Granite  Jackson  consid- 
ers certainly,  lind  gneiss  probably,  of  igneous  origin  ;  but  mica 
slate  is  a  primary  stratified  rock  which  "has  stronger  claims  to 
a  metamorphic  origin."  The  "  Hornblende  Rock,"  of  Cum- 
berland, Smithfield,  and  Johnston  he  considers  "  decidedly  a 
rock  of  igneous  origin,  like  the  greenstone  trap  rocks,"  though  it 
sometimes  "presents  the  appearance  of  regular  stratification," 
which  he  attributes  to  the  admixture  of  the  fused  rock  with 
argillaceous  slate.     Narrow  strips  of  rock  between  the  Transi- 


10  GEOLOGY     OF     RHODE     ISLAND. 

tion  and  Primary  are  marked  as  "  Metamorphic."  As  Jack- 
son considered  the  Primary  rock  of  igneous  origin,  it  is  evident 
that  he  supposed  its  heat  had  modified  the  adjoining  Transition 
sedimentary  rock  in  all  cases.  Grau-wacke  or  graywacke  is 
a  conglomerate  containing  pebbles  of  small  size  united  by  an 
argillaceous  cement.     It  is  generally  of  a  gray  color. 

1841.  Benjamin  Silliman,  Jr.  Amer.  Journ.  Science, 
vol.  40,  pp.  182-194.  Review  of  Dr.  Jackson's  Report  on 
Geol.  &  Agr.  Survey  of  R.  I.  Prof.  S.  discusses  the  Purga- 
tory conglomerate  near  Newport,  speaks  of  minute  crystals  of 
magnetic  iron  on  pebbles  and  in  cement ;  states,  with  Jackson, 
that  the  fissure  8  to  10  ft.  wide  and  36  to  44  ft,  deep  "was  once 
occupied  by  a  trap  dyke,  most  of  which  has  been  washed  away 
by  the  sea."  Does  not  accept  Jackson's  theory  that  gneiss  is 
"the  mere  crust  of  rapidly  cooled  granite."  Predicts  that  the 
names  Cambrian  and  Silurian  "will  be  found  to  be  convenient 
appellatives  for  vast  regions  of  our  country,  subordinate  to  the 
more  extensive  class  of  transition,"  notwithstanding  Jackson 
prefers  the  Wernerian  division  of  transition  rocks  to  the  terms 
Cambrian  and  Silurian. 

1841.  Edward  Hitchcock.  "Final  Report  on  the  Geolo- 
gy of  Massachusetts,"*  2  v.,  831  pp.,  55  plates.  Northampton. 

Worcester  anthracite  coal  older  than  that  of  R.  I.,  and  not 
connected  with  it,  p.  127.  Anthracite  coal  of  R.  I.,  pp.  129- 
138;    Cumberland  and  Newport,  p.  135,  Portsmouth,  p.  136. 

Granite  of  Fort  Adams  from  Fall  River  (Troy),  Mass.,  p. 
148.  Graywacke  quarried  in  Pawtucket  and  on  Conanicut 
Island,  p.  180. 

Cumberland  magnetic  iron  ore,  p.  195  ;  copper  ore,  p.  204. 
Boulders  of  Cumberland  magnetic  iron  transported  south  35 
miles  ;  also  other  boulders  in  Little  Compton,  Tiverton,  etc., 
p.  380.  "Diluvial  Grooves"  in  Newport,  p.  386  and  map, 
plate  53.  Boulder  near  junction  of  Taunton  and  Fall  rivers, 
of  coarse  graywacke   conglomerate,  40  or  50  ft.  in  diameter, 


*Mas8.  ordered  a  survey  in  1830.  An  Annual  Report  of  70  pp.  was  published  in 
1832,  and  another  of  700  pages  in  1833.  A  new  survey  was  ordered,  and  another 
annual  report  of  139  pp.  was  published  in  18-38,  the  final  one  as  above,  of  831  pp. 
and  55  plates. 


PUBLICATIONS.  11 

covered  by  10  ft.  of  drift,  and  worn  and   scratched  on  the  top 
of  the  boulder,  pp.  373,  393-4. 

"  Graywacke,"  "  Coal  Measures,"  and  "Old  Red  Sand- 
stone" of  Mass.  and  R.  I.,  pp.  531-545.  These  pages 
include  first  suggestion  that  R.  I.  coal  is  of  carboniferous  age 
(see  also  pp.  137,  138)  ;  discussion  of  conglomerate  with  elon- 
gated nodules  at  Purgatory,  near  Newport,  island  of  R.  I. 
(fig.  108)  (also  pp.  296,  297)  ;  strike  and  dip  of  strata  in 
Pawtucket,  Cumberland,  Providence,  Portsmouth,  Warren, 
Seekonk,  Newport,  Bristol,  Tiverton,  and  Little  Compton ; 
fossils  named.  See  also,  Map  of  dip  and  strike,  Plate  53  ; 
Geolog.  Map,  Plate  52  ;  Section  F,  Plate  55. 

"  Metamorphic  vSlates  "  of  Mass.  and  R.  I.,  pp.  546-554. 
Newport,  with  sketch,  fig.  109,  p.  550;  "  Quartzose  Aggre- 
gates "  at  Purgatory  ;  "  Mica  Slate  "  in  Wickford,  Smithfield, 
and  Cumberland  ;  "Amphibolic  Aggregate"  of  S.  E.  island 
R.I.  (pp.  535,  548);  "Flinty  slate,"  "Jasper,"  etc.,  of 
Newport ;  "  Zoisite  "  in  Middletown  ;  iron  and  copper  in  Cum- 
berland, p.  554. 

Minerals  found  in  limestone  of  Smithfield,  p.  565.  Why 
limestone  dolomitic  at  Smithfield  and  Newport,  pp.  582-584. 
Strike  and  dip  of  "hornblende  slate"  in  Cumberland  and 
Smithfield,  p.  623  ;  of  gneiss  in  Burrillville,  Smithfield,  and 
Little  Compton,  p.  635.  Granite  in  Little  Compton,  Tiverton, 
Portsmouth,  and  Bristol,  p.  681  and  geol.  map  plate  52.  Vein 
of  feldspar  with  fault,  in  granite,  Newport,  p.  693,  fig.  178. 
Amethyst  of  Bristol  from  Mt.  Hope  granite,  p.  700.  Sus- 
pected anticlinal  axis  in  R.  I.,  p.  708. 

Where  N.  W.  &  S.  E.  system  of  strike  intersects  N.  E. 
&  S.  W.  system  in  N.  E.  corner  of  R.  I.  is  one  of  the  most 
metalliferous  spots  in  New  England  ;  former  system  (N.  W. 
&  S.  E.)  more  extensive  in  R.  I.  than  Mass.,  p.  713,  map 
plate  53. 

Hitchcock  gives  the  catalogue  numbers  of  63  specimens  of 
rock  formations  from  R.  I.  in  the  Mass.  State  collection,  as 
follows:  From  Smithfield  18,  Cumberland  16,  Newport  12, 
Middletown  5,  Pawtucket  4,  Little  Compton  3,  Poi'tsmouth  2, 
Bristol   1,  Warwick   1,   Wickford   1.     These  include  14  spec- 


12  GEOLOGY    OF    RHODE     ISLAND. 

imens  of  the  "  graywacke "  formation  (including  coal),  from 
Cumberland,  Pawtucket,  Newport,  Portsmouth,  and  Middle- 
town  ;  12  of  the  "  metamorphic  slates,"  from  Newport,  Mid- 
dletown,  Wickford,  and  Smithfield  ;  9  of  the  "  talcose  slate," 
from  Smithfield,  Cumberland,  and  Little  Compton  ;  6  of  the 
"  hornblende  slate,"  from  Smithfield  and  Little  Compton  ;  6  of 
limestone,  from  Smithfield  and  Newport ;  5  of  granite  from 
Cumberland,  Smithfield,  and  Bristol ;  4  of  quartz  rock  from 
Cumberland  ;  3  of  mica  slate,  from  Cumberland,  Smithfield, 
and  "Warwick ;  2  of  serpentine  and  1  of  "porphyry"  from 
Newport ;  1  of  syenite  from  Cutaberland.  The  minerals 
masonite  and  zoisite  are  also  included  in  the  R.  I.  specimens. 

1841.  Charles  T.  Jackson.  Amer.  Journ.  Science,  vol. 
41.  Remarks  on  joints  in  Purgatory  conglomerate,  R.  I.,  p. 
172;  and  on  "phenomena  of  diluvial  currents"  in  R.  I., 
boulders  of  porphyritic  titaniferous  iron  transported  southward 
from  Cumberland,  p.  176.  In  Report  of  Second  Annual 
Meeting  of  Assoc,  of  Amer.  Geologists. 

Also  in  Transactions  of  that  association,  pp.  25,  28.  Cum- 
berland iron  found  on  a  tract  40  miles  N.  to  S.  and  from  6  to 
15  miles  in  width,  diverging  to  the  S.  In  1842  Jackson  op- 
posed glacial  theory  as  taught  by  Agassiz,  p.  46. 

1841.  Edvtard  Hitchcock.  Amer.  Journ.  Science,  vol. 
41,  pp.  282-275.  "Address  before  the  Association  of  Amer- 
ican Geologists."  List  of  State  Geological  Surveys.  Dolo- 
mitic  limestone  usually  found  in  regions  of  great  disturbance, 
theory  of  sublimation  from  interior  of  earth  probable,  p.  240. 
Discusses  favorably  glacier  theory,  then  attracting  attention  on 
account  of  the  publication  of  the  works  of  Agassiz. 

1841.  Walter  R.  Johnson.  Proceedings  of  the  Academy 
of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  vol.  1,  pp.  118,  119. 
Remarks  on  samples  of  Anthracite  from  R.  I.  Coal  of  same 
age  as  that  of  Penn.,  but  subjected  to  high  temperature  and 
intense  pressure.  Fossils  prove  age,  coal  formerly  thought 
more  ancient. 

1842.  James  G.  Percival.  "Report  on  the  Geology  of 
the  State  of  Connecticut,"  with  Geological  Map.  495  pp.  New 
Haven. 


PUBLICATIONS.  13 

A  granitic  (gneiss)  formation  (primary)  extends  from  E. 
Haven  nearly  parallel  with  the  Sound  to  Ct.  river,  then  north- 
erly and  then  easterly  to  Lantern  Hill,  then  northerly  parallel 
with  W.  coast  of  Narragansett  Bay  to  N.  E.  corner  of  Ct. 
This  formation  presents  a  high  ridge  or  escarpment  on  bound- 
ary N.  and  W.,  bordered  immediately  in  that  direction  by  a 
well  marked  valley  or  plain,  pp.  149-152. 

Rocks  of  R.  I.  border,  pp.  157-162  and  177-194.  General 
course  of  drift  S.  S.  E.,  sometimes  deflected  to  S.  S.  W. 
by  local  obstructions.  Many  examples  of  boulders  trans- 
ported, scratches,  etc. 

1842.  Edward  Hitchcock.  Transactions  Assoc.  Amer. 
Geologists  and  Naturalists,  ipp.  164-221.  "The  Phenomena 
of  Drift,  or  Glacio- Aqueous  Action  in  North  America,  between 
the  Tertiary  and  Alluvial  Periods."  Discusses  transported 
boulders,  smoothed,  polished  and  striated  rocks,  valleys  of 
erosion,  moraines,  terraces,  etc.  ;  also  three  theories  of  drift : 
1.  Iceberg  theory  of  Lyell.  2.  Elevation  of  regions  round 
pole  precipitating  ice  and  water  of  northern  ocean  over  coun- 
tries further  S.,  theory  of  De  la  Beche.  3.  Glacier  theory  of 
Agassiz.  Is  not  ready  to  accept  any  one  of  these  unmodified, 
but  believes  in  "  glacio-aqueous  "  origin  of  drift.  Note,  p.  218, 
states  that  his  address  before  the  association  in  1841  was  mis- 
understood as  accepting  the  glacier  theory  in  full. 

1843.  William  W.  Mather.  "  Natural  History  of  New 
York,  Part  IV.,  Geology."  (Inside  title,  "  Geology  of  New 
York,  Part  I.,  Geology  of  First  Geological  District.")  653  pp., 
46  plates.  Atmospheric  causes  producing  boulders  by  disinteg- 
ration seen  in  Foster,  R.  I.,  trappean  rocks,  pp.  163-4.  Block 
Island  once  connected  with  Long  Island,  pp.  30,  161. 
Boulders  from  R.  I.  on  L.  I.,  pp.  166,  167,  171. 
The  peculiar  ' '  round-backed  hillocks  with  bowl-shaped  cavi- 
ties or  valleys  between  them,"  "composed  of  boulders,  round- 
ed pebbles,  gravel  and  sand,"  form  an  elevated  ridge  which  is 
the  "  backbone  "  of  the  island,  and  once  extended,  perhaps,  to 
Plum,  Gull,  and  Fisher's  islands.     It  separates  into  two  ranges 


14  GEOLOGY    OF    RHODE    ISLAND. 

at  Smithtown,  half-way  the  length  of  Long  Island,  and  one 
extends  through  the  south  branch  of  L.  I.  to  Montauk  Point, 
and  probably  once  to  Block  Island,  as  the  eastern  end  of  L.  I. 
was  once  much  larger  than  at  present.  Reefs  of  loose  blocks 
of  rock,  and  fishing  ground  for  tautog  between  Montauk  Pt. 
and  Block  Island  and  along  S.  shore  mentioned  as  evidence. 
The  main  feature  of  the  topography  of  L.  I.  is  the  range  of 
hills  from  "W".  to  E.,  occupying  most  of  the  northern  half,  with  a 
nearly  level  plain,  slightly  undulating,  extending  from  S.  base 
of  hills  to  S.  shore.  Valleys  from  heads  of  bays  on  N.  shore 
cross  the  plain  to  S.  shore,  as  though  made  by  currents  of 
water,  p.  271. 

1844.  Charles  T.  Jackson.  "  Final  Report  on  the  Geology 
and  Mineralogy  of  the  State  of  New  Hampshire,  with  Contri- 
butions towards  the  Improvement  of  Agriculture  and  Metal- 
lurgy."    384  pp.,  11  plates.     Concord. 

1845.  F.  Alger.  Amer.  Journ.  Science,  vol.  48,  pp.  218, 
219.  "  Formula  of  the  Masonite  of  Dr.  Jackson,"  with  refer- 
ence to  Alger's  edition  of  Phillips's  Mineralogy,  p.  132. 

1845.  Charles  Ltell.  Quarterly  Journal  of  the  Geological 
Society  of  London,  vol.  1,  pp.  199-202.  "On  the  probable 
Age  and  Origin  of  a  Bed  of  Plumbago  and  Anthracite  occur- 
ing  in  mica-schist  near  Worcester,  Mass."  Quotes  Jackson 
and  Hitchcock,  refers  to  red  sandstone  of  Attleboro'  as  prob- 
ably Devonian  ;  anthracite  of  R.  I.  and  impure  plumbago  of 
"Worcester  probably  of  same   age  as   coal  of  Penn. 

Also  a  Geological  Map  of  U.  S.  and  Canada  in  1845  and 
in  1855,  accompanying  "Travels  in  N.  Amer." 

1845-48.  Charles  B.  Adams.  Four  Annual  Reports  on 
the  Geology  of  Vermont. 

1846.  J.  E.  Teschemacher.  Boston  Journal  of  Natural 
History,  vol.  5,  pp.  370-385,  plates  33-36.  "On  the  Fossil 
Vegetation  of  America."     R.  I.  species  figured. 

1848.     James  D.Dana.     "  Manual  of  Mineralogy."    New 


PUBLICATIONS.  15 

Haven,  430   pp.     Revised  in  1857.     The  third  edition,  1878, 
New  York,  474  pp.,  has  "  and  Lithology  "  added  to  the  title. 

1849.  Edward  Hitchcock.  Proceedings  of  the  American 
Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  vol.  2,  pp.  148— 
156.  "On  the  River  Terraces  of  the  Conn.  Valley,  and  on  the 
Erosions  of  the  Earth's  Surface."  Two  Purgatories  in  R.  I., 
p.  153. 

1849.  J.  D.  Whitney.  Proceedings  of  the  Boston  Society 
of  Natural  History,  vol.  3,  pp.  100-102.  "•Composition  of 
Chloritoid  or  Chlorite-spar,  and  Masonite."  Suggests  retain- 
ing name  Masonite  for  hydrous  chloritoid.  Also  in  Amer. 
Journ.  Science,*  vol.  8,  pp.  272-8. 

1849.  Mfg.  and  Farm.  Jowmal,  Providence.  Articles  on 
R.  I.  Coal,  Jan.  11,  Jan.  18,  July  26,  Nov.  26,  Dec.  17. 

1850.  Charles  T.  Jackson.  Proc.  Amer.  Assoc.  Adv. 
Science,  vol.  4,  pp.  188-190.  "  On  Ancient  Pot-holes  in 
Rocks." 

1851.  J.  Lawrence  Smith.  Amer.  Journ.  Science,  vol. 
11,  p.  64.     Masonite  of  R.  I. 

1852.  R.  Hermann.  Amer.  Journ.  Science,  vol.  14,  p. 
269.     Masonite. 

1852.  I.  R.  Barbour.  "Coal  Beds  of  Rhode  Island. 
Mount  Hope  Coal  Mine."  New  York,  24  pp.  This  pamphlet 
contains  Dr.  Jackson's  special  report  on  that  mine,  and  refers 
to  reports  of  A.  A.  Hayes  and  J.  T.  Hodge. 

1853.  J.  Lawrence  Smith  and  George  J.  Brush.  Amer. 
Joiirn.  Science,  vol.  15,  p.  212.  Bowenite  of  R.  I.  identical 
with  Serpentine. 

1853.  Edward  Hitchcock.  Report  to  the  Governor  of 
Mass.  on, certain  points  in  the  Geology  of  Mass.,  with  map  of 
Bristol/  and  R.  I.  coal-field.  State  document,  Boston.  Ex- 
tract below. 


*  The  number  of  the  Series  oan  be  determined  by  the  date.  The  Second  Series 
of  the  Amer.  Journ.  Science,  commonly  called  Silliman's  Journal,  began  in  1846; 
and  the  Third  Series  in  1871. 


16  GEOLOGY    or    RHODE    ISLAND. 

1853.  Edward  Hitchcock.  Amer.  Journ.  Science,  vol.  16, 
pp.  327-336.  "  The  Coal  Field  of  Bristol  Co.  and  of  R.  I." 
Extract  from  report  last  named.  In  1840,  Pres.  Hitchcock 
suggested  that  part  of  this  region,  previously  considered  more 
ancient,  might  be  of  Carboniferous  age  ;  now  he  advances  a 
step  further,  and  declares  the  whole  tract  Carboniferous. 
Bristol  Co.,  a  part  of  Plymouth  Co.,  the  whole  of  the  island 
of  R.  I.,  and  a  strip  on  the  W.  side  of  Nar.  Bay,  a  tract 
"embracing  not  less  than  500  square  miles,  is  a  genuine  coal- 
field, that  has  experienced  more  than  usual  metamorphic  action," 
mechanical  and  chemical.  This  coal  formation  is  of  the  same 
age  as  the  coal  deposits  of  Penn.,  Va.,  Ohio,  Mich.,  111.,  and 
Iowa  ;  England,  Scotland,  France,  and  Belgium.  The  follow- 
ing reasons  are  given  : — 

I.  "The  general  outline  of  the  surface  over  this  field, 
corresponds  with  that  of  a  regular  coal  field,  or  basin." 

II.  "The  rocks  correspond  essentially  to  those  of  the  coal 
measures."  1.  Dark  colored  slate  in  immediate  contact  with 
the  coal,  especially  beneath  it.  2.  A  coarse  light  gray  grit 
immediately  above  the  coal  bed.  3.  A  dark  gray,  hard  grit 
between  the  beds  of  coal.  4.  Coarse  gray  conglomerate 
probably  underlying  the  other  rocks  and  perhaps  the  equivalent 
of  the  "  millstone  grit"  of  other  coal  fields.  Age  of  the  rock 
on  the  borders  of  this  coal  field  uncertain.  Red  slates  and 
sandstones,  probably  Devonian,  rise  in  the  S.  part  of  Wren- 
tham  400  feet  above  the  surface  at  the  Mansfield  coal  mines  and 
pass  beneath  the  coal  field. 

III.  "  The  number,  position,  strike,  dip,  and  general  char- 
acter of  the  beds  of  coal,  already  discovered  in  the  district 
under  consideration,  render  it  probable  that  it  is  all  one  coal 
field,  or  essentially  one."  Details  of  coal  found  in  Mass., 
Cumberland,  Valley  Falls,  Seekonk,  Providence,  Cranston, 
Bristol,  Portsmouth  (Case's  mine  and  Aquidneck  mine)  and 
Newport. 

IV.  "  The  character  of  the  vegetable  remains  found  in  con- 
nection with  these  coal  beds,  makes  it  almost  certain  that  they 
belong  to  the  coal  measures  of  the  carboniferous  system." 
Names  of  certain  fossils  are  given. 


PUBLICATIONS.  17 

1853.  Jules  Marcod.  "  Geological  map  of  the  U.  S.  and 
the  British  Provinces  of  North  America,"  with  text  and  sec- 
tions. Also  map  in  Peterman's  Journal  in  1855,  again  in 
1858,  etc.  — 

1853-4.  Edward  Hitchcock.  "  Outline  of  the  Geology  of 
the  Globe,  and  of  the  United  States  in  particular."  136  pp., 
with  2  maps.  R.  I.,  with  exception  of  "  coal  measures"  in 
the  N.  E.,  is  colored  as  "  hypozoic  and  metamorphic  rocks, 
with  granite,  syenite  and  porphyry." 

1854.  R.  C.  Taylor  and  S.  S.  Haldeman.  '/  Statistics 
of  Coal :  including  mineral  bituminous  substances  employed  in 
Arts  and  Manufactures  ;  with  their  geographical,  geological, 
and  commercial  distribution  and  amount  of  production  and  con- 
sumption on  the  Amer.  continent."  Second  edition,  Philadel- 
phia. Rhode  Island,  pp.  446-456.  Localities  of  coal,  largely 
from  Jackson  and  Hitchcock.  Quotes  Vanuxem  on  quality  of 
R.  I.  anthracite  and  Emmons  on  the  "  Taconic  system."  Fig. 
16,  "Transverse  Section  of  the  Portsmouth  Anthracite  Basin, 
R.  I.,  looking  N.  ;  "  also  a  second  Portsm.  section  described. 
Is  disposed  to  consider  R.  I.  coal  metamorphic,  and  of  the  same 
age  as  that  of  Penn.,  of  "  secondary"  origin  ;  though  its  char- 
acter, except  for  fossils,  might  readily  lead  geologists  to  ally  the 
series  to  "  transition  "  or  "  primary  "  rocks. 

1854-5.  Ebenezer  Emmons.  "  American  Geology." 
Author  of  the  "  Taconic  system  ;  "  geologist  of  one  district  of 
N.  Y.,  also  of  N.  C. 

1856.  Henry  D.  Rogers.  Geological  Map  of  U.  S.  and 
British  N.  Amer.,  published  in  A.  Keith  Johnston's  Physical 
Atlas.  Edinb.  and  London.  R.  I.  mostly  "  metamorphic, 
gneiss,  mica  slate,  etc.  ;  "  but  some  igneous  granitic  rocks 
represented,  also  carboniferous. 

1857.  Edward  Hitchcock.  "  Smithsonian  Contributions  to 
Knowledge,"  vol.  9,  art.  3.  "  Illustrations  of  Surface  Geology." 
164  pages  and  12  plates.  1.  On  Surface  Geology,  especially 
that  of  the  Conn.  Valley,  in  New  England.  2.  On  the 
Erosion  of  the  Earth's  Surface,  especially  by  Rivers.  3.  Traces 
of  Ancient  Glaciers  in  Mass.  and  Vt. 

2 


18  GEOLOGY    OF    RHODE     ISLAND. 

1860.  Edward  Hitchcock.  Froc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist., 
vol.  7.  Elongated,  flattened,  and  curved  pebbles  found  in  con- 
glomerate of  Vt.  and  Newport,  R.  I.  Pres.  Hitchcock's  theory 
of  plastic  state  presented  by  his  son,  E.  H.,  Jr.,  pp.  208-9, 
and  by  himself,  pp.  353-4.  Objections  stated  by  Dr.  C.  T. 
Jackson :  smoothness  and  absence  of  indentation  show  no 
change,  wave  action  advocated. 

1860.  William  B.  Rogers.  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist., 
vol.  7.  Presented  to  the  Society,  in  the  name  of  Norman 
Easton,  of  Fall  River,  a  mass  of  siliceous  slate  containing  the 
imprints  of  shells,  and  gave  an  account  of  the  discovery  of 
these  fossils  in  some  of  the  pebbles  of  the  conglomerate  of  that 
region,  pp.  389-391.  Prof.  R.  visited  the  neighborhood  with 
Mr.  E.,  and  found  the  fossils  both  in  loose  pebbles  and  in  the 
conglomerate  in  Dighton.  Fossils  probably  of  two  species, 
resembling  Lingula  prima  and  L.  antiqna,  of  the  Potsdam 
sandstone.  Parent  rock  of  the  pebbles  unknown.  Fossils  also 
found  in  Newport  conglom.,  p.  392. 

"On  the  Causes  which  gave  rise  to  the  Generally  Elongated 
Form  and  Parallel  Arrangement  of  the  Pebbles  in  the  Newport 
Conglomerate."  pp.  391-393.  Ascribes  cause  to  wave  and  cur- 
rent action.  Objections  to  Prof.  Hitchcock's  view  :  1.  Cleav- 
age planes  run  in  wrong  direction.  2.  Lingulae  fossils  not 
distorted.  3.  Some  pebbles  not  elongated.  Account  in  ^mej\ 
Journ.  Science,  1861,  vol.  31,  pp.  440-442. 

1860.  Wm.  B.  Rogers.  Proc.  Ayner.  Assoc.  Adv.  Science, 
vol.  14,  p.  227.  "  On  the  Recent  Discovery,  by  Mr.  Norman 
Easton,  of  Fossils  in  the  Conglomerate  of  Taunton  River." 
Published  only  by  title. 

1860.  Charles  H.  Hitchcock.  Geological  Map  of  Aquid- 
neck,  or  the  Island  of  R.  I.  Presented  by  the  City  of  New- 
port to  members  of  the  Amer.  Association  for  the  Advancement 
of  Science,  at  the  Newport  meeting. 

1860.     Charles  H.  Hitchcock.     Proc.  Amer.  Assoc.  Adv,  ^ 
Science,  vol.  14.  I 

"  Geology  of  the  Island  of  Aquidneck,"  pp.  112-137.  Rocks 
as  follows,  beginning  with  the  oldest:   1.     Talcose  schists  and 


I 


PUBLICATIONS.  19 

conglomerates,  1,000  ft.  thick,  at  Sachuest  Point,  probably  older 
than  Carboniferous.  2.  Conglomerate  at  Purgatory,  Paradise, 
etc.,  500  ft.  thick,  with  description  and  figures  of  pebbles  which 
must  have  been  distorted  and  elongated  since  deposition,  while 
rock  was  plastic  through  heat ;  joints  perfectly  smooth,  as  if 
glazed  rather  than  polished  by  friction,  rock  not  moved  since  ; 
perhaps  age  of  millstone  grit  or  subcarboniferous  ;  similar  con- 
glomerates in  Tiverton,  Dighton,  Warwick,  Cranston,  Provi- 
dence, etc.  3.  Schists  and  Slates  W.  of  Purgatory,  473  ft. 
thick.  4.  Second  Conglomerate,  on  Easton's  Point,  pebbles 
rarely  distorted,  464  ft.  thick.  5.  Coal  Measures,  3588  ft. 
thick,  composing  most  of  the  island,  consisting  of  dark  slate, 
anthracite  and  plumbago,  green  slate,  grits  and  sandstones,  and 
conglomerates  ;  list  of  fossil  plants  ;  coal  mines  of  Portsmouth. 
6.  Third  Conglomerate,  50  ft.  thick,  with  small  masses  of 
anthracite  among  pebbles,  proving  it  later  than  coal  measures, 
Miantonomah  Hill,  Coaster's  Harbor  Island,  and  S.  part  of 
Newport.  7.  Metamorphic  Rocks,  1,321  ft.  thick,  including 
siliceous  slate,  chert,  jasper,  serpentine,  and  dolomitic  limestone, 
Newport  Neck.  8.  Granite  and  Protogine  (chloritic),  100 
ft.  thick,  some  fragments  of  slate  imbedded  in  the  granite,  S. 
part  of  Newport  and  the  Dumplings  ;  either  igneous  in  origin, 
or  produced  by  aqueo-igneous  fusion  of  Carboniferous  rocks, 
at  close  of  Paleozoic.  9.  Alluvium,  50  ft.  thick,  mostly 
unmodified  drift,  large  boulders,  Cumb.  iron  ore,  etc.,  striae 
about  S.  Section  at  S.  end  of  island,  p.  119.  Tablesof  thick- 
ness, strike,  and  dip  of  all  strata  observed.  Granite  at  ex- 
treme N.  end  of  island  probably  Huronian  or  Laurentian,  p. 
133. 

"  Synchronism  of  Coal-Beds  in  the  New  England  and  West- 
ern United  States  Coal-Basins,"  pp.  138-143.  Lists  of  about 
30  fossil  plants  found  in  Wrentham,  Mass.,  Valley  Falls, 
Portsmouth,  and  Newport,  examined  by  Leo  Lesquereux,  and 
from  them  exact  age  of  coal  strata  determined  ;  all  are  lower 
coal  measures  ;  doubtful  whether  upper  coal  measures  are  to  be 
found  in  New  Eng.  Whole  Carboniferous  system  in  Newport 
6,497  ft.  thick,  including  Nos.  2-8  Geol.  Is.  Aquid.  Eleven 
different  seams  of  coal  in  N.  part  of  Portsmouth.     Quotations 


20  GEOLOGY     OF    RHODE    ISLAND. 

from    Lesquereux   comparing  R.   I.   coal  field  with  those  in 
Nova  Scotia,  Penn.,  and  the  West,  of  same  age. 

1861.  T.  Sterry  Hunt.  Amer.  Joum.  Science,  vol.  SI., -pp. 
392-414.  "  On  some  points  in  American  Geology."  1.  Lau- 
rentian  system,  the  oldest  strata  of  the  earth's  crust,  found  in 
the  Laurentide  and  Adirondack  mountains,  etc.,  consisting  of 
gneiss,  quartzite,  some  conglomerate,  limestone,  dolomite,  ser- 
pentine, plumbago,  iron  ores,  basic  feldspars  without  quartz 
and  with  more  or  less  pyroxene,  but  no  argillites  and  talcose 
and  chloritic  schists.  2,  Huronian  system,  consisting  of 
quartzites,  conglomerate,  limestones,  peculiar  slaty  rocks,  and 
diorite,  which  are  regarded  as  altered  sediments.  3.  Appala- 
chian crystalline  strata,  consisting  of  feldspathic  gneiss,  quartz- 
ites, argillites,  micaceous,  epidotic,  talcose  and  specular  schists, 
with  steatite,  diorites,  etc.,  which  Hall,  Logan,  and  Hunt, 
regard  as  altered  paleozoic  sediments,  while  H.  D.  Rogers 
regards  them  as  older  than  paleozoic. 

Hunt  argues  from  the  iron  ore,  metallic  sulphurets,  and  graph- 
ite, the  presence  of  vegetation,  and  from  apatite  and  silicified 
forms  the  presence  of  animal  life,  even  in  the  Laurentian,  p. 
396.  He  considers  that  the  character  and  composition  of  sedi- 
ment indicates  the  age  of  the  rock,  even  the  crystalline  strata 
of  different  ages  having  different  chemical  and  lithological 
character.  "  The  gradual  removal  of  alkalies  from  aluminous 
rocks  has  led  to  the  formation  of  argillites,  chloritic  and  epidotic 
rocks,  at  the  same  time  removing  carbonic  acid  from  the 
atmosphere,  while  the  resulting  carbonate  of  soda  by  decom- 
posing the  calcareous  and  magnesian  salts  of  the  ocean,  fur- 
nished the  carbonates  for  the  formation  of  limestones  and 
dolomites,  at  the  same  time  generating  sea  salt,"  p.  395. 
Hunt's  views  on  these  points  and  on  the  nature  and  formation 
of  silicates,  the  relation  of  metaraorphism  and  pseudomor- 
phism, etc.,  are  presented  in  ^the  Amer.  Journ.  of  Science  at 
various  times  from  1857  to  1860 :  vol.  23,  pp.  437-8  ;  vol.  24, 
pp.  272-3 ;  vol.  25,  pp.  102-3,  287-289,  435-437,  445 ; 
vol.  26,  pp.  109-10;  vol.  28,  pp.  170-187,  365-383  (a  state- 
ment of  his  views  on  the  formation  of  gypsums  and  magnesian 
rocks,  continued  in  vol.  42,  pp.  49-67)  ;  vol.  30,  pp.  133-137. 


PUBLICATIONS.  21 

Also  in  the  reports  of  the  Geological  Survey  of   Canada,    and 
other  publications,  especially  his  "Essays,"  1874. 

1861.  Edward  Hitchcock.  "  Report  on  the  Geology  of 
Vermont,"  published  by  Albert  D.  Hagar,  under  the  authority 
of  the  State  Legislature.  2  vols.,  088  pages,  Claremont,  N. 
H.  Discussion  of  Newport,  R.  I.,  and  other  sinailar  conglom- 
erate, pp.  28-44.  Pebbles  drawn  out  while  plastic,  and  joints 
caused  by  some  polar  force  (not  mechanical),  such  as  heat  or 
galvanism.  In  this  he  answers  the  objections  of  Prof.  Rogers 
and  Dr.  Jackson. 

1861.  Edward  Hitchcock.  Amer.  Joum.  Science.^  vol. 
31,  pp.  372-392.  "  On  the  Conversion  of  certain  Conglomer- 
ates into  Talcose  and  Micaceous  Schists  and  Gneiss  by  the 
Elongation,  Flattening  and  Metamorphosis  of  the  Pebbles  and 
the  Cement,"     Same  as  Vt.  Report,  above. 

1861.  E.  Holmes  and  C.  H.  Hitchcock.  Sixth  Annual 
Report  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Board  of  Agriculture  of  the 
State  of  Maine,  464  pp.  Newport  Conglomerate,  p.  178.  Also 
1862-3,  Second  Annual  Report  upon  the  Natural  History  and 
Geology  of  the  State  of  Maine,  447  pp™ 

1862.  James  D.  Dana.  "  Manual  of  Geology."  Phila- 
delphia, 798  pp.  Revised  in  1874,  New  York,  828  pp.  In 
the  earlier  editions  of  his  map,  the  Carboniferous  of  R.  I. 
extends  towards  "Worcester  in  Mass.  ;  in  the  later  it  turns 
towards  Boston.  In  the  earlier  editions  of  his  works  the  area 
of  R.  I.  and  Mass.  coal  measures  is  given  as  1,000  square 
miles  ;  in  the  later,  500  miles.  In  all  his  editions,  R.  I.  is 
given  as  of  undetermined  age,  with  the  exception  of  the  car- 
boniferous. 

1863.  James  D.  Dana.  "  A  Text-book  of  Geology." 
Philadelphia,  354  pp.  Revised  in  1874,  1877,  and  1883. 
Fourth  Edition,  New  York,  412  pp. 

1864.  William  E.  Logan.  "  Geological  Map  of  Canada 
and  the  adjacent  region,"  including  the  Northern  United  States, 
accompanying   "■  Geological  Survey  of  Canada."     More  than 


22  GEOLOGY    OF   RHODE    ISLAND. 

lialf  of  his  "  Carte  geologique  dii  Canada,"  1855,  is  of  theU. 
S.     Other  editions  were  published  in  1866,  '68,  etc. 

1865.  A.  S.  Packard,  Jr.  Memoirs  Boston  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist.,  vol.  1,  pp.  210-262.  "  Observations  on  the  Glacial 
Phenomena  of  Labrador  and  Maine." 

1866.  N.  S.  Shaler.  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol. 
10,  pp.  358-364.  "  On  the  Formation  of  the  Excavated  Lake 
Basins  of  New  England."  Ice  melting  beneath  the  glacier 
from  an  outflow  of  internal  heat  a  cause  of  eroding  basins. 

1866.  Benjamin  S.  Lyman.  Proc.  Amer.  Assoc.  Adv. 
Science,  vol.  15,  p.  83.  "Against  the  Supposed  Former 
Plasticity  of  the  Puddingstone  Pebbles  of  Purgatory,  R.  I." 

1867.  Charles  Whittlesey.  Proc.  Amer.  Assoc.  Adv. 
Science,  vol.  16,  pp.  92-97.  "Depression  of  the  Ocean  dur- 
ing the  Ice  Period."  Water  of  ocean  lessened  by  formation  of 
ice  on  land  ;  earth's  crust  sank  under  thickest  ice  and  rose  else- 
where. 

1867.  Charles  H.  Hitchcock.  Proc.  Amer.  Assoc.  Adv. 
Science,  \o\.  16,  pp.  124-127.  "The  Distortion  and  Meta- 
morphosis of  Pebbles  in  Conglomerates." 

■  1868.  George  L.  Vose.  Mem.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist., 
vol.  1,  pp.  482-487.  "  On  the  Distortion  of  Pebbles  in  Con- 
glomerates, with  Illustrations  from  Rangely  Lake,  in  Maine." 
Plates  17-19.  Hard  and  rigid  pebbles  "bent  and  flattened, 
without  becoming  what  would  be  called  plastic  "  ;  result  of 
severe  compression  continued  for  a  long  time,  developing  heat 
enough  for  chemical  changes. 

1869.  William  P.  Blake.  Proc.  Amer.  Assoc.  Adv. 
Science,  vol.  18,  pp.  199-205.  "The  Plasticity  of  Pebbles 
and  Rocks."  Result  of  mechanical  force  alone,  without  a 
very  high  temperature. 

1868.  Thomas  S.  Ridgeway.  "  Memorial  in  relation  to 
the  Coal-field  of  R.  I.,  Presented  to  the  General  Assembly," 
Jan.,  1868;  with  Supplement,  Feb.,  1870.  12  p))..  Provi- 
dence.    Original   pamphlet   9   pp.,  dated  1867.     Mr.   R.  was 


PUBLICATIONS.  23 

for  three  years  supt.  of  Pocassett  Coal  and  Iron  Co.,  mine  in 
Cranston.  Urges  manufacture  of  iron  from  R.  I.  ore,  using 
R.  I.  coal.  Latter  contains  carbon  80  per  cent.,  silica  10, 
alumina  6,  lime  and  magnesia  3.  No  sulphur  in  the  mass, 
though  it  is  sometimes  found  in  the  interstices,  where  it  would 
be  immediately  dissipated  when  thrown  on  fire. 

1869.  R.  I.  Society  for  the  Encouragement  of  Do- 
mestic Industry.  Report  on  Coal  and  Iron  in  R.  I.,  with  ex- 
tracts from  Providence  Journal,  letters  by  R.  H.  Thurston  and 
others.  16  pp.,  Providence.  History  of  mining  iron  and  coal 
in  R.  I.  Two  millions  of  tons  Cumberland  iron  ore  above  drain- 
age ;  also  hematite  in  Cranston,  bog  ores  and  iron  sand  in  other 
towns.  The  Cumb.  ore  is  "  ilmenite,"  or  "  titaniferous  mag- 
netic ore,"  specially  valuable  as  a  "steel  ore,"  containing  2 
per  cent,  oxide  manganese  and  10  per  cent,  oxide  titanium, 
besides  silica,  magnesia,  alumina,  etc.  ;  but  is  free  from  sul- 
phur or  phosphorus.  Anthracite,  some  of  which  yields  90  per 
cent,  of  carbon,  is  abundant,  also  free  from  sulphur  and  phos- 
phorus, and  the  best  coal  known  for  smelting  iron.  Description 
of  Portsmouth  coal  mines. 

1870.  N.  S.  Shaler.  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  13. 
"  On  the  Parallel  Ridges  of  Glacial  Drift  in  Eastern  Mass., 
with  some  Remarks  on  the  Glacial  Period,"  pp.  196-204. 
Allusions  to  Long  Island,  Cape  Cod,  etc.  Terminal  moraine  of 
earlier  glacial  time  far  out  to  sea,  and  to  it  we  owe  the  forma- 
tion of  the  broad  submerged  table  land  which  borders  the  north- 
ern coast  of  U.  S.,  p.  203.  "  Note  on  the  Glacial  Moraines 
of  the  Charles  River  Valley,  near  Watertowu,"  pp.  277-279. 
"  W.  H.  Niles  thought  that  there  were  certain  features  in  the 
topography  and  surface-geology  of  the  region  spoken  of  which 
it  would  be  difficult  to  reconcile  with  a  terminal  moraine  located 
as  described  by  Prof.  Shaler,"  p.  280. 

1870.  T.  Sterry  Hunt.  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist., 
vol.  14,  pp.  45-49.  "On  the  Geology  of  the  Vicinity  of 
Boston."  Refers  to  rocks  occurring  "  with  dolomite  and  mas- 
sive dark  colored  serpentines  in  the  city  of  Newport,  R.  I., 
where  the  beds  have  also  a  high  dip  to  the  N.  W.,"  as  belong- 
ing   to    a    second   division    of   "  crystalline    stratified  rocks." 


24  GEOLOGY     OF     RHODE     ISLAND. 

"  These  ancient  rocks  are  in  various  places  penetrated  by  intru- 
sive granites,  which  are  generally  more  or  less  hornblendic  — 
the  syenites  of  Hitchcock  and  others.  They  often  contain  true 
feldspars,  as  in  the  well-marked  granite  of  Newport,  which 
there  cuts  the  greenish  dioritic  and  sometimes  amygdaloidal 
rocks,"  p.  46. 

1870.  T.  Sterry  Hunt.  Amer.  Joum.  Science,  vol. 
50,  pp.  83-90.  "  On  the  Geology  of  Eastern  New  England." 
Proposes  to  call  the  White  Mt.  series  "  Terranovau"  [New- 
foundland], above  the  Laurentian.  Formerly  referred  to 
Devonian,  but  now  separated  as  crystalline,  distinct  from  Lau- 
rentian, Labradorian,  and  Huronian.  Same  in  Canadian 
Naturalist,  vol.  5,  pp.  198-205. 

1870-78.  Providence  Journal.  Articles  on  Coal,  Jan. 
6,  '70  ;  June  17,  '71  ;  Jan.  11,  '76  ;  April  20,  '78. 

1871.  T.  Sterry  Hunt.  American  Naturalist,  vol.  5, 
pp.  450-509.  Address  on  retiring  from  the  office  of  President 
of  the  Amer.  Assoc,  for  the  Advancement  of  Science.  "•  The 
Geognosy  of  the  Appalachians  and  the  Origin  of  Crystalline 
Rocks."  Division  of  crystalline  strata  by  lithological  charac- 
teristics into  three  series,  of  different  ages  :  1.  Adirondack  (or 
Laurentian).  2.  Green  Mountain  (or  Huronian) .  3.  White 
Mountain  (or  Montalban).  The  Labradorian  (or  Norian) 
system  is  spoken  of  as  upper  Laurentian  or  pre-Huronian, 
found  in  the  Adirondack  region,  but  not  certainly  known  in  the 
Appalachian  range.  Although,  in  common  with  most  other 
American  geologists.  Hunt  had  previosly  considered  the  crystal- 
line rocks  of  the  Green  and  White  Mountain  series  to  be  altered 
paleozoic  sediments,  he  now  concludes  that  all  the  "  crystal- 
line schists  of  eastern  North  America  are  not  onlypre-Silurian 
but  pre-Cambrian  in  age." 

Allusion  to  some  Newport,  R.  I.,  strata  as  of  2d  series  (Hu- 
ronian), p.  460.  Dolomitic  or  magnesiaa  limestones  not  formed 
by  the  alteration  of  pure  limestones,  but  by  direct  sedimenta- 
tion, chemical  precipitation  from  solution,  pp.  504-508. 

This  address  is  also  published  in  vol.  20  of  the  Proceedings 
of  the  Association  for  1871,  pp.  3-59. 


PUBLICATIONS.  25 

Notice  of  the  same  address,  with  adverse  criticism,  is  found 
in  Amer.  Journ.  Science^  vol.  2,  pp.  205-207. 

1871.  James  D.  Dana.  Amer.  Journ.  Science.,  vol.  1, 
pp.  1-5,  125-6.  "On  the  Quaternary,  or  Post  Tertiary,  of 
the  New  Haven  Region."  "The  Glacial  era  an  era  of  Gla- 
ciers, and  not  of  Icebergs." 

Vol.  2.  "  On  the  Connecticut  River  valley  Glacier,  and 
other  examples  of  Glacier  movement  along  the  valleys  of 
New  England,"  pp.  233-243,  305.  "  On  the  position  and 
height  of  the  elevated  Plateau  in  which  the  Glacier  of  New 
England,  in  the  Glacial  era,  had  its  origin,"  pp.  324-330. 
Dana,  by  the  direction  of  the  scratches,  locates  the  head  of  the 
New  Eng.  glacier  on  the  water-shed  between  the  St.  Lawrence 
and  Hudson  bay,  the  high  ridge  running  N.  E,  &  S.  W. 
between  Lakes  Temiscamang  and  Mistissinny,  thus  giving 
the  southeasterly  movement  of  the  ice  over  New  England. 
See  also  "  Note  on  the  Glacial  era,"  vol.  13,  pp.  79,  80. 

1872.  N.  S.  Shaler.  Amer.  Naturalist,  vol.  6.  "On 
the  Geology  of  the  Island  of  Aquidneck  and  the  neighboring 
parts  of  the  shores  of  Narragansett  Bay,"  with  Plate  6,  con- 
taining 3  sections  across  the  Bay.  (Extracts  from  a  Report 
to    Prof.    Benj.    Peirce,    Supt.    of  the  U.  S.  Coast  Survey.) 

General  Topography,  pp.  518-528.  Nar.  Bay  "the  south- 
ernmost point  of  the  fiord  structure  on  our  coast."  Trans- 
verse and  longitudinal  sections  of  the  bay  show  its  channels 
to  be  broad  but  relatively  shallow  excavations,  with  a  gradual 
slope  seaward.  The  valleys  of  the  island,  which  run  N.  and 
S.,  are  glacial  amplifications  of  original  valleys  of  erosion 
made  by  streams  of  water ;  the  same  is  true  of  the  great 
valleys  which  now  form  the  Bay.  The  channels  E.  and  W. 
of  the  island  were  probably  "  occupied  by  distinct  glacial 
streams  for  a  short  period  towards  the  close  of  the  last  ice 
time."  Depressions  in  drift,  generally  with  rudely  circular 
outlines,  usually  not  over  100  feet  across  and  20  feet  in 
depth,  probably  caused  by  "  gaps  in  the  ice  on  the  surface  of 
the  glacier,"  made  by  streams.  Ponds  of  the  island  are 
similar  glacial  depressions  on  a  larger  scale.     The  topography 


2Q  GEOLOGY     OF     RHODE     ISLAND. 

of  the  island  does  not  express  the  structure  of  the  underlying 
rock  ;  and  this  fact  is  a  strong  indication  of  the  action  of  ice. 
General  absence  of  sand  in  the  beaches  about  the  island  indi- 
cates want  of  recent  great  movements  of  the  land  which  would 
furnish  much  material  for  the  sea  to  work  over,  while  there 
are  no  currents  to  bring  sand  from  Cape  Cod  shore  or  Long 
Island.  "  In  recognizing  the  harbors  and  inlets  of  Nar.  Bay 
as  glacial  work,  we  get  an  example  of  the  agent  which  has 
given  nine-tenths  of  the  havens  of  our  sea-boards.'"' 

Glacial  Deposits  and  Ice  Marks^  pp.  611-621.  Drift  of  the 
island  mostly  of  local  origin,  transported  a  short  distance  to- 
wards the  south.  Debris  on  the  island  deposited  by  the  melt- 
ing of  a  mass  of  ice- (continental  glacier)  in  which  it  was  held  ; 
not  deposited  as  terminal  moraines,  except  at  two  points. 
Instances  of  "  shock  and  lee  sides  "  and  "  roches  moutonnees  ;" 
work  of  the  ice  at  Paradise  Rocks  ;  abundance,  origin,  and 
deposit  of  surface  boulders  ;  rapid  and  steady  retreat  of  the 
ice ;  scratches  on  the  rocks,  etc.  Probably  several  glacial 
periods  in  the  earth's  history;  channels  which  separate  the 
island  from  the  main  land  probably  excavated  by  ice  in  a 
glacial  period  anterior  to  that  "  which  gave  way  to  make  our 
present  time." 

Physical  Conditions  of  the  Carboniferous  Ti7ne,  pp.  751- 
760.  At  the  time  when  the  carbonifei'ous  beds  were  formed, 
' '  the  shore  at  this  part  of  the  continent  Avas  not  far  from  its 
present  position,"  as  proved  by  conglomerate  with  water- worn 
pebbles.  Fragments  of  Lingular  found  in  pebbles  of  this  for- 
mation, "  not  known  to  occur  in  any  rocks  to  the  northward 
nearer  than  the  Champlain  region  ;  "  but  most  probably  "  the 
source  of  supply  of  these  fossils  has  long  since  been  destroyed 
by  erosion,"  and  it  may  have  been  located  in  the  immediate 
neighborhood  when  these  conglomerates  Avere  formed.  The 
conglomerates  of  the  coal  period  prove  "  that  the  surface  of 
the  country  v/as  then  made  up  of  syenites,  porphyries,  felsites, 
argilliles,  and  related  rocks,  much  as  at  the  present  day." 
"  Within  the  regions  where  these  pebbles  Avere  formed,  there 
were  no  rocks  of  Silurian  or  Devonian  age,  else  their  evident 
fossils  Avould  have  been  preserved  as  Avell  as  the  lingula?  in  the 


PUBLICATIONS.  27 

pebbles  of  the  conglomerate."  "The  work  of  metamorphism 
which  has  so  much  affected  the  character  of  the  rocks  of  this 
region  was  ali'eady  done  at  this  the  beginning  of  the  coal 
period."  The  coal  conglomerate  probably  the  result  of  glacial 
action  which  preceded  the  carboniferous  age  and  prepared  the 
earth's  surface  for  the  growth  of  coal  plants.  Compression  of 
the  pebbles. 

1872.  John  B.  Perry.  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.., 
vol.  15,  pp.  48-148.  "Hints  towards  the  Post-Tertiary 
History  of  New  England,  from  Personal  Study  of  the  Rocks, 
with  Strictures  on  Dana's  '  Geology  of  the  New  Haven 
Region.'  "  Perry  advocates  Agassiz's  theory  of  glaciers  as 
opposed  to  Lyell's  theory  of  icebergs.  Refers  to  Dana's  paper 
read  before  Conn.  Academy  of  Ai'ts  and  Sciences,  which  also 
appeared  in  separate  form.  Opposes  Dana's  idea  of  glaciers 
in  valleys  moving  in  different  directions  from  the  great  conti- 
nental glacier  above  them,  and  urges  theory  of  local  glaciers 
at  commencement  and  close  of  period  to  account  for  different 
marks  and  transportation  of  boulders.  Thinks  there  was, 
during  glacial  period,  no  elevation  of  land,  as  Prof.  Dana 
urges,  but  possibly  a  depression  of  the  ocean.  Most  of  this 
paper  was  read  in  1870,  abstract  published,  vol.  14,  pp.  62-3. 

1872.  U.  S.  Coast  Survey.  Topography  of  Nairagansett 
Bay.  Transfers  from  Plane  Table  Sheets.  Scale  ^q^q^. 
Sheet  No.  21. 

1873.  U.  S.  Coast  Survey.  Chart  of  Narragansett  Bay. 
Scale  XTTFOIT'  Contour  lines  every  20  ft.  difference  of  level. 
Sheet  No.  353. 

1873.  A.  S.  Packard.  Amer.  Naturalist,  vol.  7,  pp. 
210-213.  "  Comparison  of  the  Glacial  Phenomena  of  New 
England  with  those  of  Europe." 

1873.  James  D.  Dana.  Amer.  Journ.  Science,  vol.  5, 
pp.  198-211,  217.  "On  the  Glacial  and  Champlain  eras  in 
New  England."  The  New  Eng.  glacier  probably  extended  60 
or  90  miles  S.  of  Long  Island.  "  In  the  Glacial  era,  the  land 
over  the  higher  latitudes  probably  stood  ahove  its  present  level," 


28  GEOLOGY    OF    RHODE    ISLAND. 

as  shown  by  fiords  ;  but  in  the  Champlain  helow,  as  shown  by  the 
height  of  sea-border  terraces.  Fiords  are  cited  as  evidence  of 
the  former,  though  they  "may  have  been  begun  long  before  the 
Glacial  era,  in  earlier  periods  of  elevation,"  and  they  may 
have  been  finished  before  the  Glacial  era.  The  absence  of 
Cretaceous  and  Tertiary  deposits  along  the  American  coast  N. 
of  Cape  Cod  shows  the  land  to  have  been  higher  to  the  north 
in  those  periods.  "There  are  no  true  lateral  moraines  of  the 
Glacial  era  in  N.  Eng.  ;  for  the  glacier  was  not  a  valley 
glacier,  but  one  of  continental  character,  although  far  from 
covering  the  whole  continent."  There  may  have  been  a  few 
lo(^al  ones  formed  during  the  decline  of  the  glacier  in  the  Cham- 
plain  era.  "  No  distinct  terminal  moraines  of  the  Glacial  era 
have  been  observed  in  New  England."  Long  Island  drift  sug- 
gests a  terminal  moraine  ;  but  it  was  probably  the  work  of  the 
Champlain  era,  or  that  of  melting. 

1873.  James  D.  Dana.  Proc.  Amer.  Assoc.  Adv.  Science, 
vol.  22,  B.,  pp.  25-27.  "On  Staurolite  Crystals  and  Green 
Mountain  Gneisses  of  the  Silurian  Age."  Presence  of  Stauro- 
lite no  evidence  of  pre-silurian  age.  Also  same  in  Amer.  Nat- 
uralist, vol.  7,  pp.  658-660  ;  and  Canadian  Naturalist,  vol.  7, 
p.  163. 

1873.  Elias  Lewis.  Popular  Science  3Ionthly,  vol.  2,  p. 
634.     "Bowlder-like  masses  of  clay  in  the  Long  Island  drift." 

1874.  Thomas  Sterry  Hunt.  "  Chemical  and  Geological 
Essays."     Boston,  489  pp. 

1874.     Charles  H.  Hitchcock  and  William  P.  Blake. 

"  Statistical  Atlas  of  the  U.  S.  based  on  the  results  of  the 
Ninth  Census,  1870,  with  Contributions  from  many  eminent 
men  of  science  and  several  Departments  of  the  Government, 
compiled  under  authority  of  Congress  by  Francis  A.  Walker, 
Supt.  of  the  9th  Census."  Map  of  the  Coal  Fields  of  the  U. 
S.  N.  Eng.  Basin,  including  coal  measures  in  Mass.  &R.  I., 
750  square  miles.  Coal  "  plumbaginous  anthracite."  Details 
from  Proc.  Amer.  Assoc,  for  1860.  Also  Geological  Map  of  the 
United  States  and  Territories.     Eozoic  and  Metamorphic  rocks 


PUBLICATIONS.  29 

cover   most  of  R.   T.  ;  Carboniferous  as  usual,  E.  and  N.  E. 
part ;  Silurian  in  N.  W.  part  of  R,  I. 

These  authors  also  prepared  in  1876  a  Geological  Map  of 
the  U.  S.  to  accompany  the  Smithsonian  report  for  the  Cen- 
tennial ;  and  Hitchcock  one  in   1878  for  Gray's  Atlas,  Phila. 

1874.  N.  S.  Shaler.  3Iemoirs  Boston  Sac.  Nat.  Hist., 
vol.  2,  pp.  321-340.  "Preliminary  Report  on  the  recent 
Changes  of  Level  on  the  Coast  of  Maine  :  with  reference  to 
their  origin  and  relation  to  other  similar  changes."  Weight  of 
ice  cause  of  depression  of  land  in  glacial  period,  p.  322. 

1874-78.  Charles  H.  Hitchcock.  "The  Geology  of 
New  Hampshire.  A  Report  comprising  the  Results  of  Explora- 
tions Qrdered  by  the  Legislature."    5  Parts  in  3  Vols.    Concord. 

Vol.   1.     Parti.     Physical  Geography,  668  pp. 

Vol.  2.  Part  II.  Slratigraphical  Geology,  684  pp.  Geo- 
logical Map  of  New  England  with  portions  of  the  adjacent 
states  and  provinces,  plate  I.,  p.  8.  "The  territory  includes 
what  might  be  termed  the  '  Champlain  island,'  or  that  portion 
of  the  continent  east  of  the  Hudson  valley  which  existed  as  an 
isolated  district  for  a  long  time  after  the  Glacial  period,"  p.  7. 
The  "  Gulf  of  Maine"  appears  on  this  map,  and  submarine 
banks  of  less  than  300  feet  depth.  The  western  part  of  R.  I. 
is  given  as  "Atlantic"  (Montalban)  ;  the  northeastern,  Huro- 
nian  ;  and  the  eastern,  Carboniferous.  Possibly  rocks  asso- 
ciated with  serpentine  and  dolomite  at  Newport,  R.  I.,  belong 
to  Huronian,  p.  12,  Quotes  from  his  papers  of  1860  on  Car- 
boniferous rocks  of  R.  I.,  but  with  these  differences  :  "  First 
coarse  conglomerate,  with  distorted  pebbles,  300  ft."  (instead 
of  500)  ;  "  coal  measures,  3,500  ft."  (instead  of  3,588)  ;  total, 
4787  ft.  (omitting  Nos.  1,  7,  8,  and  9).  Hitchcock  divides 
the Eozoic,  or  Archean,  rocks  into  Laurentiau,  Montalban,  Lab- 
radorian,  and  Huronian.  He  drops  the  word  "  Atlantic  "  and 
uses  Montalban  in  its  place  ;  but  makes  it  underlie  Huronian, 
while  Dr.  Hunt  makes  it  overlie  the  same.  Pp.  8-12,  669, 
674,  675. 

Vol.  3.  Part  III.  Surface  Geology,  386  pp.,  comprises 
"  Modified  Drift"  (by  Warren  Upham)  and  "  Glacial  Drift," 


30  GEOLOGY     OF     RHODE     ISLAND. 

with  Appendices  ;  and  is  an  exhaustive  treatment  of  the  sub- 
ject, with  thorough  discussion  of  till,  kames,  plains,  terraces, 
boulders,  striae,  etc.  Terminal  moraine  S.  of  New  Eng.,  pp. 
300-305.  Part  IV.  Mineralogy  and  Lithology,  262  pp.  (by 
Geo.  W.  Hawes),  contains  a  full  description  of  95  minerals 
found  in  the  State,  and  of  all  rocks  not  simple  minerals  ;  with 
12  plates  of  microscopic  sections,  finely  executed,  many  of  them 
beautifully  colored,  as  viewed  by  polarized  light.  Part  V. 
Economic  Geology,  104  pp. 

1874.  "  Report  of  the  State  Board  of  Education  on  the 
Proposed  Survey  of  the  Commonwealth  "  of  Massachusetts,  19 
pp.  This  includes  the  report  of  a  special  committee,  Benj. 
Peirce,  T.  Sterry  Hunt,  N.  S.  Shaler,  and  Sam.  H.  Scudder. 
House  Doc.  Nos.  40  and  184,  1875,  contain  the  above,  remarks 
and  letters  by  various  "scientific  and  other  gentlemen,"  me- 
morials from  scientific  societies,  a  bill  for  a  survey,  etc.  The 
survey  was  not  made,  however,  at  that  time,  nor  in  accordance 
with  that  plan. 

1875.  J.  D.  Whitney.  "  Geographical  and  Geological 
Surveys,"  96  pp.     Cambridge.     From  N.  Amer.  Review. 

1875.  W.  W.  Dodge.  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol. 
17,  pp.  388-419.  "Notes  on  the  Geology  of  Eastern  Mass." 
Magnesian  limestone  in  crystallines,  with  nephrite,  at  Smith- 
field,  R.  I.,  p.  393.  Slates  at  Sachuest  Point,  Newport,  Ports- 
mouth, Little  Compton,  etc.,  p.  399.  Newport  conglomerate, 
pp.  411-2.     Norfolk  Co.  Basin,  pp.  412-414. 

1875.  N.  S.  Shaler.  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol. 
17,  pp.  488-490.  "  Note  on  the  Geological  Relations  of  Bos- 
ton and  Narragansett  Bays."  Great  faulted  down-folds,  im- 
prisoning within  the  lower  crystalline  rocks  a  great  thickness  of 
Paleozoic  strata.  "  To  this  protection  we  owe  the  preserva- 
tion of  a  great  thickness  of  the  rocks  between  Cambrian  and 
the  Upper  Carboniferous,  which  have  been  lost  over  the  surface 
where  they  were  exposed  to  the  intense  erosion  of  the  succes- 
sive glacial  periods  that  swept  this  shore."  "Ridges  of  the 
height  of  thousands  of  feet  have  lost  their  relief  since  the  Car- 
boniferous period,  while  the  similar  ridges  of  the  Alleghanies 


PUBLICATIONS.  31 

have  not  been  anything  like  as  much  eroded," — more  severe 
here  because  repeatedly  subjected  to  glacial  wearing. 

Vol.  18,  pp.  126-133.  "  Propositions  concerning  the  Mo- 
tion of  Continental  Glaciers."  Ice  melting  below  32°  F.  by 
pressure  of  weight  a  cause  of  eroding  basins. 

1875.  Wm.  B.  Rogers.  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol. 
18,  pp.  97-101.  "On  the  Newport  Conglomerate."  Re-iter- 
ates the  views  expressed  by  him  in  1860  in  opposition  to  Pres. 
Hitchcock's  theory  of  plasticity.  Speaks  of  making  a  tracing 
of  the  conglomerate  surface  at  Purgatory  on  transparent  cloth, 
giving  outlines  of  pebbles  with  direction  of  laminae  in  each. 
Says  the  chasm  at  Purgatory  ' '  has  been  erroneously  regarded 
as  due  to  the  decay  of  a  dyke  of  trap,  supposed  to  have  occupied 
the  cavity."  Has  recently  found  impressions  of  Lingulae  in 
Newport  conglomerate  suggestive  of  those  found  many  years 
ago  near  Fall  River. 

This  article  also  appeared  as  pp.  3-7  of"  Geological  Notes," 
13  pp.     Boston,  1875. 

1875.  James  D.  Dana.  Amer.  Journ.  Science,  vol.  9, 
pp.  223-4.  Presence  of  iron  ores  and  apatite  in  Archean  not 
sure  evidence  of  life. 

Vol.  10.  "  On  Southern  New  England  during  the  Melting 
of  the  great  Glacier."  I.  "  The  Flood  from  the  melting 
Glacier,"  pp.  169-183.  II.  "Absence  of  marine  life  from 
Long  Island  Sound  through  the  Glacial  and  part  of  the  Cham- 
plain  periods,"  pp.  280-282.  III.  "  Reindeers  in  Southern 
New  England,"  bones  found  in  glacial  clay,  near  New  Haven, 
Ct.,  pp.  353-357. 

IV.  "  Depression  of  the  land,  or  amount  of  subsequent  ele- 
vation," pp.  409-438.  An  important  mark  of  stratified  "  riv- 
er-valley, estuary,  or  sea-border  formations  consists  in  the 
total  or  nearly  total  absence  of  great  bowlders  from  their  level 
surface,"  though  the  bowlders  may  abound  on  the  slopes  of  the 
adjoining  hills.  Between  Watch  Hill  and  Point  Judith  bowl- 
ders are  found  down  to  within  11  ft.  of  high  water  level,  but 
not  lower.  An  examination  is  made  of  five  valleys  of  Southern 
New  England,  the  last  of  which  is  Narragansett  Bay.  The 
terrace  at  Providence  on  which  a  part  of  the  city  is  built  is  80 


32  GEOLOGY     OF     RHODE     ISLAND. 

ft.  above  high  water  ;  that  at  East  Greeuwich  is  56  ft.  ;  the 
meadows  near  the  ocean,  11  ft. 

"  No  marine  relics  have  yet  been  found  in  Champlain  depos- 
its about  any  part  of  Narragansett  Bay  to  mark  the  sea-level. 
Such  fossils  should  be  looked  for  with  more  care  than  has  hith- 
erto been  used  ;  but  much  looking  will  probably  end  in  finding 
none.  The  great  glacier  must  have  filled  the  channels  among 
the  islands  ;  and  as  the  ice  disappeared,  the  floods,  having  a 
strong  pitch  owing  to  the  height  at  Providence,  would  have 
made  a  profound  sweep  through  them.  Absence  of  marine 
fossils  is  therefore  what  should  reasonably  be  expected." 

Certain  pre-glacial  stratified  sand-hills,  easily  mistaken  for 
drift  formations,  are  found  along  the  shores  between  "Watch 
Hill  and  Point  Judith.  Block  Island,  Long  Island,  and  other 
islands  south  of  N.  Eng.  are  made  up  to  a  great  extent  of  un- 
consolidated pre-glacial  beds,  probably  Tertiary,  in  some  places 
upturned  and  folded. 

Dana  concludes  that  the  amount  of  depression  in  Southern  New 
England  during  the  melting  of  the  glacier  was  only  about  15 
feet ;  that  the  river  valley  formations  are  not  marine  ;  and  that 
the  height  of  the  flood  was  the  chief  cause  of  the  height  of  the 
terraces.  After  making  allowance  for  15  ft.  difference  of  level 
at  Point  Judith,  and  1  to  1 J  ft.  per  mile  for  increase  of  depres- 
sion northward,  the  pitch  of  the  stream  during  the  flood  at 
Providence  was  only  1  to  1^^  ft.  per  mile,  though  it  was  as 
high  as  8  ft.  per  mile  in  one  of  the  other  valleys  studied. 

"  Supplement :  The  Overflows  of  the  flooded  Connecticut," 
pp.  497-508. 

1876.  James  D.  Dana.  Amer.  Journ.  Science.  "  Ofi 
the  Damming  of  Streams  by  drift  ice  during  the  melting  of  the 
great  Glacier,"  vol.  11,  pp.  178-180.  Appendix:  "  On  the 
discharge  of  the  flooded  Mill  River  into  the  Quinnipiac,  and  the 
effects  as  registered  in  the  drift  deposits  of  the  New  Haven 
plain,"  vol.  12,  pp.  125-128. 

1876.  James  T.  Gardner.  "Uses  of  a  Topographical 
Survey  to  the  State  of  New  York.  A  Report  to  the  Amer. 
Geographical  Society."     14  pp.,  New  York. 


PUBLICATIONS .  3  3 

1876.  Message  of  Gov.  Lippitt  to  the  R.  I.  General 
Assembly.  Approves  the  plan  of  the  Commission  for  a  new 
survey  of  the  State. 

1876.  "  Report  of  the  Commission  to  prepare  a  Plan  for  a 
thorough  Geological  and  Scientific  Survey  of  the  State." 
Presented  to  the  General  Assembly  of  Rhode  Island  at  its 
January  Session.  13  pp.,  Providence.  The  commission,  two 
of  whom  were  to  be  nominated  by  the  Providence  Franklin 
Society,  consisted  of  Zachariah  Allen,  Wm.  F.  Channing, 
George  I.  Chace,  John  R.  Leslie,  and  George  F.  "Wilson. 
They  recommended  the  appointment  of  a  Board  to  have  per- 
manent charge  of  the  survey ;  the  appropriation  of  $20,000 
for  the  geographical  survey,  in  four  annual  installments  of 
S5,000  each  ;  the  publication  of  a  map  ;  a  subsequent  geologi- 
cal survey  ;  to  be  followed  by  a  compilation  of  the  natural  his- 
tory of  the  State.     This  plan  was  not  carried  out. 

1876.  U.  S.  Coast  Survey.  ''  Coast  Chart  No.  13. 
Cuttyhunk  to  Block  Island,  including  Narragansett  Bay." 
Scale  80000-     Sheet  No.  113. 

1876.  L.  S.  BcRBANK.  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist., 
vol.  18,  pp.  224-5.  "  Remarks  on  the  Conglomerate  of  Har- 
vard, Mass."  Specimens  exhibited  showing  "  a  gradual  tran- 
sition from  a  nearly  unaltered  conglomerate  to  a  crystalline 
gneissoid  rock."  Remarkable  examples  of  flattened  and  curved 
pebbles  found. 

1876.  George  Frederick  Wright.  Froc.  Boston  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  19,  pp.  47-63.  "Some  Remarkable  Gravel 
Ridges  in  the  Merrimack  Valley."  Quotes  Clarence  King  on 
origin  of  kames  in  Rocky  Mts.,  and  King's  observations  upon 
Naushon  (one  of  the  Eliz.  Is.),  "  unquestionably  a  part  of  a 
terminal  moraine."  "  The  arrangement  of  the  ridges  of  boul- 
ders, with  their  convexities  always  to  the  S.,  or  away  from  the 
source  of  supply,  together  with  the  characteristic  conical  depres- 
sions, left  me  in  no  doubt  as  to  the  origin  of  the  island,"  pp. 
62-3 .  Martha's  Vineyard  ' '  based  upon  inclined  tertiary  clays," 
covered  with  a  confused  mass  of  terminal  rubbish,  but  no  true 

moraine  ridges. 
3 


34  GEOLOGY    OF    RHODE     ISLAND. 

1876.  Charles  H.  Hitchcock.  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist.,  vol.  19,  pp.  63-67.  "Lenticular  Hills  of  Glacial 
Drift."     Cape  Cod,  Eliz.  and  Long  Is.,  pp.  66-7. 

1876.  Warren  Uph AM.  Proc.  Arner.  Assoc.  Adv.  Science, 
vol.  25,  pp.  216-225.  "  On  the  Origin  of  Karnes  or  Eskers 
in  New  Hampshire." 

1877.  A.  L.  HOLLET.  Transactions  of  the  Anier.  Institute 
of  Mining  Engineers,  vol.  6,  pp.  224-227.  "  Notes  on  the 
Iron  Ore  and  Anthracite  Coal  of  R.  I.  and  Mass."  Gives 
analysis  of  Portsmouth  and  Cranston  coal,  Cumberland  mag- 
netite and  Cranston  hematite.  Iron  manufactured  in  R.  I.  in 
1703.     Cannon  cast  in  Revolution  and  1812. 

1877.  S.  T.  LiVERMORE.  "  A  History  of  Block  Island." 
371  pp.  Hartford,  Conn.  Surface  very  uneven,  no  even 
hill-sides  nor  level  plains.  "Imagine  several  tidal  waves  mov- 
ing in  nearly  the  same  direction  —  from  W.  to  E.,  each  rising 
about  150  ft.  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  and  their  bases  nearly 
touching  each  other;  and  on  the  tops,  sides,  and  intervals  of 
these,  '  chop-waves '  in  every  conceivable  shape  and  position 
covering  completely  the  tidal  waves  ;  and  when  the  reader  has 
done  this  he  has  an  outline  of  the  view  under  the  observer's 
eye  who  stands  in  a  good  light  upon  Beacon  Hill."  Originally 
the  surface  "  was  Avellnigh  paved  with  small  bowlders."  More 
than  300  miles  of  stone-wall  now.  No  ledge  yet  discovered  on 
the  island  ;  but  bowlders  large  enough  to  be  blasted  for  walls. 
Stones  rounded,  "granite  with  hardly  an  exception."  Soil 
"  has  no  lime  apparently."  "Its  basis  is  sand  and  gravel, 
with  a  few  spots  of  A^aluable  clay."  Acres  of  black  iron  sand 
along  the  bathing  beach  and  between  Harbor  Pond  and  the  sea, 
pp.  20-23,  162,  168. 

Much  of  the  surface  formerly  covered  with  a  heavy  growth 
of  timber.  Inexhaustible  stores  of  peat  in  the  valleys,  made 
from  vegetable  matter  washed  down  little  hill-sides  into  ponds. 
Three  beds  extend  into  the  ocean.  One  bed  traced  from  high- 
water  mark  one  quarter  of  a  mile  out  into  the  sea,  and  peat 
brought  away  that  burned  well,  pp.  21-29,  156.  Soft  coal 
found,  pp.  30,  155. 


PUBLICATIONS.  35 

Over  100  ponds,  varying  in  size  "  from  the  duck  pool  to  tlie 
Great  Pond,  which  is  said  to  cover  1,000  acres."  The  Great 
Pond  has  a  maximum  depth  of  12  fathoms,  on  the  W.  side, 
nearest  the  sea,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  a  narrow  strip 
of  land ;  water  supplied  from  the  sea,  freshened  by  filtering 
through  sand  ;  formerly  connected  with  sea  by  a  creek.  No 
ponds  sustained  by  springs  or  streams  ;  some  supplied  with 
fresh  water  by  sea,  as  above,  others,  on  higher  ground,  have 
clay  bottoms,  holding  surface  water  ;  one  of  them,  Sands'  Pond, 
100  feet  above  the  sea,  fed  from  some  unknown  source,  pp. 
156-163. 

Sandy  Hill,  base  ^  mile  N.  to  S.  ^  mile  E.  to  W.,  rising 
100  ft.  to  a  point,  a  pile  of  drift  (sand  and  gravel),  mostly 
destitute  of  vegetation,  "  Its  base  rests  upon  a  bed  of  peat, 
which  shows  that  it  was  throAvn  up  after  the  island  had  pro- 
duced A^egetation."  Beacon  Hill  the  highest  land  on  the  island, 
about  300  feet  high.  The  Bathing  Beach  anciently  had  sandy 
banks  25  ft.  high,  so  steep  as  to  be  hard  to  climb  ;  sand  banks 
carried  away  to  the  sea  by  strong  winds  of  Avinter,  making  the 
beach.  Black  iron  sand  left  there  because  too  heavy  to  be 
blown  into  the  sea,  pp.  164-168. 

Clay  Head,  on  the  Neck,  conspicuous  for  its  high  bluffs, 
three  kinds  of  clay,  blue,  red,  and  white.  Native  coral  has 
been  found  on  the  E.  and  W.  shores  of  the  island.  Island 
rapidly  diminishing  in  some  placeg  ;  some  portions  sinking. 
The  Hummuck  was  a  peninsula  on  the  extremity  of  Sandy 
Point,  the  extreme  N.  end  of  the  Neck ;  an  elevation  of  land 
on  which  small  trees  and  bushes  grew,  washed  away  long  ago, 
leaving  the  Point  as  a  sand  bar,  pp.  174-5. 

1877.  Edward  S.  Dana.  "A  Text-Book  of  Mineralogy, 
with  an  extended  Treatise  on  Crystallography  and  Physical 
Mineralogy."  New  York.  Revised  in  1883  ;  with  Appen- 
dices A,  B,  C,  D,  E,  537  pp. 

1877.  Elias  Lewis,  Jr.  Popular  Science  3Ionthly,  vol. 
10,  pp.  434-446.  "  Ups  and  Downs  of  the  Long  Island 
Coast."     L.  I.  a  terminal  glacier  moraine. 

Amer.  Journ.  Science,  vol.  13.  Water  Courses  and  Valleys 
upon  Long  Island,  pp.    142-146.     Plains  S.  part  of  island. 


36  GEOLOGY    OF   RHODE    ISLAND. 

Thirty  shallow  valleys  in  50  miles,  running  W.  of  S.  Due  to 
motion  of  earth  on  its  axis?  pp.  215-6.  Heights  on  L.  I.,  pp. 
235-6. 

1877.  Warren  Upham.  Amer.  Naturalist,  vol.  11,  pp. 
524-539.  "  Surface  Geology  of  the  Merrimac  Valley."  Drift 
and  glacial  action,  dunes,  kames,  etc. 

Amer.  Journ.  Science,  vol.  14,  pp.  459-470.  "  The  North- 
ern Part  of  the  Conn.  Valley  in  the  Champlain  and  Terrace 
Periods."  Explains  nature  and  origin  of  kames  as  in  New- 
Hampshire  Report — "  shown  by  their  position  to  be  the  oldest 
of  our  modified  drift  deposits." 

1877.  William  O.  Crosby.  Amer.  Natriralist,  vol.  11, 
pp.  bll-b^l.  "Notes  on  the  Surface  Geology  of  Eastern 
Mass."  Drift  and  glacial  action.  Water  and  nature  of  the 
rocks  more  effective  than  ice  in  shaping  topography.  Most  of 
the  fiords  are  older  than  Post-tertiary. 

1877-80.  George  H.  Cook.  Annual  Reports  of  the 
State  Geologist  of  New  Jersey.  Tracing  the  terminal  moraines 
from  L.  I.  across  N.  J.  by  Cook  and  Smock. 

1878.  T.  Sterry  Hunt.  "  Second  Geological  Survey  of 
Penn.  E.  Special  Report  on  the  Trap  Dykes  and  Azoic  Rocks 
of  Southeastern  Penn.  Part  1.  Historical  Introduction." 
Harrisburg,  253  pages.  Full  history  of  investigations  concern- 
ing these  ancient  crystalline  rocks  of  Canada,  New  England, 
and  Appalachian  region,  with  quotations  from  previous  works, 
being  a  "History  of  American  Pre-Silurian  Geology,"  with  some 
acct.  of  Cambrian.  Newport  Huronian  rocks,  pp.  189-191. 
Present  arrangement :  1.  Laurentian.  2.  Norian  (Labradorian, 
or  Upper  Laurentian).  3.  Huronian  (Green  Mt.  series).  4. 
Montalban  (White  Mt,,  or  Mica-schist  series).  5.  Taconian.  . 
6.  Keweenian.  7.  Cambrian.  8.  Siluro-Cambrian.  Montal- 
ban and  Taconian  together  once  called  Terranovan  by  Hunt. 

1879.  T.  Sterry  Hunt.  Proc.  Amer.  Assoc.  Adv.  Science, 
vol.  28,  pp.  279-296.  "  The  History  of  some  pre-Cambrian 
Rocks  in  America  and  Europe."  He  opposes  the  two  common 
theories  :  1.  That  these  crystalline  rocks  are  of  plutonic  (igne- 
ous) origin.     2.    That  they  are  metamorphosed  paleozoic   or 


PUBLICATIONS.  37 

later  rocks.  He  asserts  :  "1.  All  gneisses,  petrosilexes,  horu- 
blendic  and  micaceous  schists,  olivines,  serpentines  and  in  fact 
all  silicated  crystalline  stratified  rocks,  are  of  neptunean  origin, 
and  are  not  primarily  due  to  metamorphosis  or  to  metasoma- 
tosis  either  of  ordinary  aqueous  sediments  or  of  volcanic  mate- 
rials. 2.  The  chemical  and  mechanical  conditions  under 
which  tliese  rocks  were  deposited  and  crystallized,  whether  in 
shallow  water  or  in  abyssal  depths  (where  pressure  greatly  infiti- 
ences  chemical  affinities),  have  not  been  reproduced  to  any  great 
extent  since  the  beginning  of  paleozoic  time.  3.  The  eruptive 
rocks,  or  at  least  a  large  part  of  them,  are  softened  and  dis- 
placed portions  of  these  ancient  neptunean  rocks,  of  which  they 
retain  many  of  the  mineralogical  and  lithological  characters," 
p.  281. 

1879.  Charles  H.  Hitchcock.  Geological  Magazine, 
London,  p.  248.      "  The  Glacial  Period  in  Eastern  America." 

1879.  Geo.  F.  Weight.  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist., 
vol.  20,  pp.  210-220.  "The  Kames  and  Moraines  of  New 
England."  Terminal  moraine  in  Block  Is.  and  along  S.  shore 
of  R.  I.,  p.  216. 

1879.  Warren  Upham.  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist., 
vol.  20,  pp.  220-234.  "Glacial  Drift  in  Boston  and  Vicin- 
ity." "  Lenticular  hills  "  not  found  in  the  terminal  moraine 
of  L.  Is.,  etc.,  p.  232. 

1879.  Warren  Upham.  Amer.  Journ.  Science,  vol.  18, 
pp.  81-92  and  197-209.  "  Terminal  Moraines  of  the  North 
American  Ice-sheet."  Traces  "  Extreme  Terminal  Moraine" 
and  "Second  Terminal  Moraine"  through  L.  I.  and  New 
England,  lying  5  to  30  miles  apart.  The  length  of  the  first, 
or  southern,  from  the  W.  line  of  N.  J.  to  Sankaty  Head  on 
Nantucket,  is  about  300  miles,  running  through  Montauk 
Point,  Block  Island,  No  Man's  Land,  Gay  Head  and  other 
parts  of  Martha's  Vineyard.  The  length  of  the  second,  or 
northern,  from  Port  Jefferson  to  the  E.  shore  of  Cape  Cod  is 
about  180  miles,  running  through  Orient  Point,  Plum  and 
Fisher's  Is.,  the  southern  part  of  R.  I.,  the  Elizabeth  Islands, 
and  N.  Sandwich,  where  it  turns  at  a  right  angle. 


38  GEOLOGY     OF     RHODE     ISLAND. 

Of  the  unstratified  deposits,  "  the  lower  till,  which  seems  to 
be  the  ground-moraine  of  the  ice-sheet,  is  very  hard  and  com- 
pact, dark  and  frequently  bluish  in  color,  with  clayey  detritus 
and  its  pebbles  and  bowlders  planed  and  striated  ;  while  the 
upper  till,  commonly  from  one  to  five  feet  thick,  appears  to  be 
material  which  was  held  in  the  ice-mass  and  dropped  upon  the 
surface  at  its  melting,  being  distinguished  by  its  comparative 
lociseness,  its  yellowish  color  caused  by  the  exposure  of  its  iron 
to  oxidation,  the  predominance  of  gravel  and  sand  instead  of 
clay,  and  by  the  abundance  and  large  size  of  its  bowlders, 
which  have  seldom  been  worn  or  rounded  except  by  the 
weather,"  p.  87. 

Montauk  composed  of  stratified  drift,  p.  86.  Pre-glacial 
formations  with  fossils,  overlain  by  drift,  on  Gardiner's  Island 
and  elsewhere,  pp.  89,  90.  Height  of  various  hills  and  ponds 
on  Block  Island  above  sea ;  kinds  of  rocks  and  thickness  of 
layers  along  S.  and  N.  E.  shores  of  that  island,  comprising 
modified  drift,  upper  and  lower  till.  Part  of  Clay  Head  seems 
to  be  wholly  of  glacial  origin,  but  another  part  of  it  has  pre- 
glacial  beds  of  white  and  red  clay  at  the  base.  Lignite  found 
^  mile  S.  from  breakwater  in  lower  part  of  bank  20  to  35  ft. 
high  which  forms  the  shore,  in  fragments  preserving  the  dis- 
tinct grain  of  the  wood,  and  in  friable  layers.  Surface  of 
island  also  partly  modified  drift  and  partly  till,  both  plentifully 
strcAvn  with  bowlders,  pp.  91,  92.  Further  exploration  is 
needed  to  compare  the  lignitic  beds  of  Block  Is.  with  the  terti- 
ary of  Gay  Head,  the  shell  bed  of  Gardiner's  Is.,  and  some 
lower  strata  of  L.  Is.,  p.  90. 

The  second  moraine  is  well  developed  in  southern  R.  I.  for 
17  miles  through  Westerly,  Charlestown,  and  S.  Kingstown, 
passing  into  the  sea  2  miles  W.  of  Point  Judith.  "  Its  whole 
course  may  be  finely  seen  from  the  carriage  road  in  going  from 
"Watch  Hill  through  Charlestown  and  Perry ville  to  Wakefield," 
the  road  after  the  first  three  miles  lying  at  the  S.  foot  of  the 
hills  of  the  moraine.  Chin,  Cranberry,  Fort,  and  Village  Hills 
in  Westerly;  Indian  Burying,  Sand,  "  Old  Mountain,"  and 
Bunker  Hills  in  Charlestown  ;  and  Broad  Hills  in  S.  Kings- 
town, belong  to  this  series,  some  of  them  stratified  and  some 


PUBLICATIONS.  39 

unmodified,  pp.  202-3.  "Extensive  portions  of  the  terminal 
moraines  were  deposited,  as  we  have  seen,  by  rivers  which 
flowed  from  the  surface  of  the  melting  ice  when  a  Avarmer 
climate  returned."  "Wherever  angles  occurred  in  the  ter- 
minal front  of  the  ice  its  surface  had  converging  slopes,  which 
would  be  likely  to  produce  extraordinary  fluvial  deposits.  This 
may  explain  the  origin  of  the  thick  beds  of  stratified  drift 
which  form  nearly  the  Avhole  of  Block  Island,  and  of  the 
plains  in  S.  Kingstown,  R.  I.,  which  extend  six  miles  N. 
from  the  angle  of  the  second  moraine,  reaching  from  Tuck- 
er's and  AVorden's  Ponds  to  the  N.  line  of  the  township,"  • 
p.  206. 

1879.  Warren  Upham.  Amer.  Nahiralist,  vol.  13,  pp. 
489-502  and  552-565.  "  The  Formation  of  Cape  Cod."  Two 
moraines  on  eastern  part  of  L.  I.,  both  with  plains  to  the  S.  of 
them.  The  northern,  made  up  of  hills  of  glacial  drift  with 
small  areas  of  level  modified  drift  on  S.  side,  is  found  along 
whole  extent  of  L.  I.,  E.  of  Port  Jefferson,  is  continued  in  Plum 
and  Fisher's  Islands,  thence  into  S.  W.  corner  of  R.  I.,  extends 
17  miles  close  to  coast  of  R.  I.  nearly  to  Point  Judith ;  about 
two  miles  N.  W.  of  P.  J.  this  range  sinks  to  the  sea  level, 
probably  turns  southward  into  the  ocean,  and  reappears  in  the 
Elizabeth  Islands,  runs  N.  E.  &  N.  on  Cape  Cod,  then  E.  into 
ocean.  Southern  moraine  is  continued  in  Block  Island,  No 
Man's  Land,  part  of  Martha's  Vinyard  and  Nantucket.  Coast 
of  New  England  bordered  by  submerged  tertiary  beds,  simi- 
lar to  those  above  sea  level  in  southern  states. 

1879.  Warren  Upham.  Froc.  Amer.  Assoc.  Adv.  Science, 
vol.  28,  pp.  299-310.  "  The  Succession  of  Glacial  Deposits 
in  New  Eng."  Striae,  p.  300.  1.  Lower  till  or  ground  mo- 
raine, frequently  called  "  hard-pan,"  usually  clayey  and  dark  or 
bluish  in  color.  2.  Intercalated  beds  of  clay  and  sand  occa- 
sionally found,  3.  Upper  till,  deposited  at  melting.  4.  Modi- 
fied drift,  of  which  kamos  are  the  oldest.  5.  Plateaus  of  modi- 
fied drift,  deposited  between  valleys  filled  with  ice,  in  a  few 
places.  6.  Valley  drift,  pp.  300-305.  Also  terminal  mo- 
raines of  L.  Is.,  Block  Is.,  S.  part  of  R.  I.,  etc.,  as  in  other 
papers  ;  lenticular  hills  of  lower  till,  etc.,  pp.  305-310.     Con- 


40  GEOLOGY    OF    RHODE     ISLAND. 

tinuation  of  ancient  N.  and  S.  water-courses  below  the  pres- 
ent sea-level, —  bays,  ponds,  etc., —  on  islands  and  coast  of 
southern  New  Eng.  shows  that  the  ocean  did  not  there  "  rise 
so  high  upon  the  land  in  the  glacial  period  as  now  ;  though  it 
appears  at  the  same  time  to  have  stood  above  its  present  height 
N.  from  Mass.  Bay,"  p  307. 

1879.  Charles  W.  Parsons.  "  First  Annual  Report  of 
the  State  Board  of  Health  of  the  State  of  R.  I."  "  Medical 
Topography  of  R.  I.,"  pp.  101-111.  Geological  formation 
affecting  drainage  and  health,  pp.  102-3. 

1879,  Dec.  2.  Frederick  Denison.  Providence  Journal. 
"  G-lacier  Strokes  on  Mt.  Pleasant,"  Providence.  This  in- 
cludes a  map  of  the  ledge,  with  bearings  of  the  different  sets  of 
grooves,  prepared  by  the  City  Engineer  of  Prov.,  Oct.,  1879. 
The  courses  vary  from  36°  to  17°  E.  of  N.,  averaging  about 
N.  27°  E.  magnetic  meridian,  or  N.  16°  E.  true  meridian  ; 
hence  the  glacier  is  supposed  to  have  moved,  on  the  average, 
about  S.  16°  W. 

1879.  J.  Macfarlane.  "An  American  Geological  Rail- 
way Guide,"  giving  the  geological  formation  at  every  railway 
station,  with  very  small  map. 

1879.     Frederick  Prime,   Jr.      Transactions  Amer.  Insti- 
tute 3Iining  Engineers.,  Philadelphia,  vol.  7.     "A  Catalogue  of 
Official  Reports  upon  Geological  Surveys  of  the  United  States 
and  Territories." 

1879-84.  Leo  Lesquereux.  "  Second  Geologcial  Sur- 
vey of  Pennsylvania.  Report  of  Progress.  P."  Harris- 
burg. 

"Atlas  to  the  Coal  Flora  of  Penn.,  and  of  the  Carbonifer- 
ous Formation  throughout  the  U.  S."  87  plates  (A,  B,  I- 
LXXXV),  with  explanations. 

"  Description  of  the  Coal  Flora  of  the  Carboniferous  Forma- 
tion in  Penn.  and  throughout  the  U.  S."  Vols.  I.  and  II. 
bound  together,  694  pp.  and  Ixiii  pp.,  2  plates  (LXXXVIand 
LXXXVII.)  Description  of  23  R.  I.  species.  See  "Index 
B,  Habitats,"  pp.  xxxv,  xxxvi. 


PUBLICATIONS.  41 

Vol.  III.  includes  text  pp.  605-977  and  plates  LXXXYIII- 
CXI.  Under  "Anthracite  Basins.  Localities  of  Uncertain 
Horizon.  Rhode  Island.  Newport  and  Mount  Hope,  Coal 
Mines,"  is  a  list  of  68  species,  pp.  867-8. 

1880.  U.  S.  Coast  Survey.  "Eastern  Part  of  Long 
Island  Sound,"  Point  Judith  and  Block  Island  to  Plum  Island. 
Scale -j^^^.  Sheet  No.  114.  Second  Edition  in  1855  ;  edition 
of  1880  now  sold. 

1880.  George  H.  Stone.  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist., 
vol.  20,  pp.  430-469.     "  The  Karnes  of  Maine." 

Froc.  Amer.  Assoc.  Adv.  Science,  vol.  29,  pp.  510-519. 
"  The  Karnes  or  Eskers  of  Maine,"  with  map. 

1880,  G.  F.  Wright.  Proc.  Amer.  Assoc.  Adv.  Science, 
vol.  29,  p.  426.  "  An  Attempt  to  estimate  approximately  the 
Date  of  the  close  of  the  Glacial  Epoch,  from  an  inspection  of 
the  Kames  and  Kettle-holes  of  New  England."  Abstract. 
Full  paper  in  Amer.  Journ.  Science,  1881,  vol.  21. 

1880.  William  O.  Crosby.  "  Contributions  to  the  Geol- 
ogy of  Eastern  Massachusetts."  An  occasional  paper  of  the 
Boston  Society  of  Natural  History.     286  pp.     Boston. 

On  the  geological  map  are  found  the  northern  boundary  of 
R.  I.  and  the  extreme  northern  part  of  the  eastern  boundary. 
The  oldest  rock  appearing  on  these  portions  of  the  boundary 
between  Mass.  and  R.  I.  is  a  small  area  of  Huronian  granite 
(hornblendic) ,  of  the  same  age  as  that  at  Quincy,  near  the 
eastern  end  of  the  northern  boundary  of  R.  I.,  N.  of  Cumber- 
land, pp.  24,  27,  31,  39. 

From  this  Huronian  granite  west  to  the  Conn,  line,  embrac- 
ing nearly  the  whole  of  the  northern  boundary  of  R.  I.,  is 
found  3Iontalban  gneiss.  Its  dip  in  R.  I.  is  30°  N.  E.,  p. 
136.  The  strike  in  N.  E.  part  of  R.  I.,  along  the  Blackstone 
river,  is  N.  W.- S.  E.  pp.  9,  129.  llontalban  granite  is 
found  at  Tiverton,  and  "cutting  the  Carboniferous  and  more 
ancient  slates  near  Newport,  R.  I.,"  pp.  133,  134. 

The  limestones  and  "  hornblende  rock  "  of  Jackson  in  Cum- 
berland, Smithfield,  and  Johnston  are  probably  Montalban, 
though  having  some  characteristics  like  Huronian,  pp.  126-129, 


42  GEOLOGY     OF     RHODE     ISLAND. 

139,147.  Crosby  finds  in  the  "  hornblende  rock  "of  Jack- 
son fine-grained  mica  slate  approaching  argillite  ;  chlorite  slate, 
fine-grained,  green  and  soft;  dark-colored,  slaty-looking  horn- 
blendic  rocks;  and  "  other  rocks  having,  frequently  a  quartz- 
itic,  and  sometimes  a  felsitic,  appearance."  Enclosed  in  these 
rocks  are  the  limestones,  stratified,  frequently  magnesian,  con- 
taining talc  and  other  minerals  ;  also  "  a  rather  fine-grained,  ap- 
parently exotic,  granite,  hornblendo-micaceous."  The  strike  of 
these  "  doubtful  beds"  of  "  hornblende  rock"  is  "S.  45°-60° 
E.  ;  dip,  N.  E.,  steep." 

The  "  metamorphic  slate  "  of  Hitchcock,  a  belt  of  altered 
rocks  traceable  southerly  as  far  as  Providence  or  beyond,  and 
overlying  the  "hornblende  rock  "  and  limestones  of  Jackson, 
is  also  Montalban,  p.  147.  The  axis  of  a  well-mai'ked  anti- 
clinal extends  along  the  western  border  of  R.  I.,  p.  146. 
Metamorphic  process  which  changed  the  conglomerate  and 
elongated  the  pebbles  near  Newport,  R.  I.,  pp.  148,  230. 

''  The  hard,  argillaceous,  siliceous,  chloritic,  and  serpentinic 
slates  (the  'flinty  slate'  of  E.  Hitchcock)  and  the  associated  dol- 
omite, that  come  between  the  Montalban  granite  and  Carbonif- 
erous argillite  on  the  peninsula  of  Newport,  R.  I.,"  are  of 
about  the  same  age  as  the  "  Shawmut  group,"  that  is,  between 
the  Montalban  and  the  Primordial,  pp.  179,  180. 

Character  of  the  Narragansett  basin,  pp.  181-183.  Mainly 
filled  with  Carboniferous  strata  ;  the  largest  of  the  three  Mass. 
Paleozoic  basins,  extending  from  the  western  shore  of  Nar. 
Bay  northeasterly  through  Bristol  and  Plymouth  counties  in 
Mass.,  dividing  into  two  branches  in  Mass.  near  the  N.  E. 
corner  of  R.  I.,  the  northern  and  narrow  branch  sweeping  first 
to  the  N.  and  then  to  the  N.  E.  to  Braintree,  Avhere  it  nearly, 
but  probably  not  quite,  connects  with  the  Boston  basin,  as  seen 
on  the  map.  Crosby  advances  the  theory  that  when  the  sedi- 
ments of  the  Nar.  basin  were  deposited  it  was  an  arm  of  the 
"Gulf  of  Maine,"  expanding  and  deepening  towards  the  N. 
E.  and  having  its  head  towards  the  S.  W.,  in  the  vicinity  of 
Newport, — changes  in  level  having  taken  place  "  so  that  what 
was  formerly  its  head  is  now  open  to  the  sea."  See  also  p. 
275. 


PUBLICATIONS.  43 

In  the  N.  E.  corner  of  R.  I.,  running  southerly  to  Central 
Falls  and  north-easterly  to  Braintree,  are  the  supposed  Devo- 
nian rocks  of  Pres.  Hitchcock,  *•  mainly  of  a  red  color,  consist- 
ing to  a  large  extent  of  highly  ferruginous  slate,  sandstone,  and 
conglomerate,"  often  grayish  or  greenish,  sometimes  with  thin 
layers  of  limestone  and  veins  of  quartz,  pp.  273-275,  and  map. 

1880.  W.  0.  Crosby  and  G.  H.  Barton.  Amer.  Journ. 
Science,  vol.  20,  pp.  416-420.  "Extension  of  the  Carbon- 
iferous Formation  in  Mass."  "Of  the  former,  if  not  the 
present,  existence  of  Cambrian  (Lower  Silurian)  strata  in  the 
Narragansett  basin  there  can  be  but  little  doubt,  since  pebbles 
holding  Primordial  fossils  —  Scolithus  and  Lingula  —  are  of 
common  occurrence  in  the  conglomerate  at  Newport,  Fall 
River  and  Taunton  ;"  and  yet  this  great  conglomerate  itself  is 
now  generally  regarded  as  Carboniferous.  The  Norfolk  Co. 
beds  (including  the  red  rock  of  Central  Falls  and  Cumberland, 
the  N.  E.  corner  of  R.  I.)  have  "been  referred  by  different 
observers  to  the  Primordial,  Devonian,  Carboniferous  and  Tri- 
assic  systems."  The  argument  for  the  first  is  proximity  to  the 
Boston  basin  ;  for  the  second  and  last  is  the  red  color.  Crosby 
himself,  following  Pres.  Hitchcock,  has  heretofore  classed  them 
as  probably  Devonian  ;  but  in  this  article  they  are  shown  to  be 
Carboniferous.  The  Carboniferous  beds  of  the  main  Narra- 
gansett basin  consist  of  (1)  conglomerate,  sometimes  with 
large  boulders  ;  (2)  red,  gray  or  green  sandstones  ;  (3)  coal- 
measures,  black  carbonaceous  slate,  green  sandstone  and 
shales.  The  Norfolk  Co.  basin  contains  the  first  two,  but  no 
true  coal-measures.  This  is  proved  by  direct  physical  connec- 
tion between  the  rocks  of  the  two  basins,  and  by  fossil  Sigillariae 
found  in  the  lowest  or  conglomerate  series  in  the  Nor.  Co. 
basin.  These  lower  beds  are  the  equivalent  of  the  Millstone 
Grit,  and  there  is  no  Sub-carboniferous  in  Mass.  and  R.  I. 

1881.  Geo.  Fred.  Wright.  Amer.  Journ.  Science,  vol. 
21,  pp.  120-123.  "An  attempt  to  calculate  approximately 
the  date  of  the  Glacial  era  in  Eastern  North  America,  from 
the  depth  of  sediment  in  one  of  the  bowl-shaped  depressions 
abounding  in  the  Moraines  and  Kames  of  New  England." 
Pomp's   Pond,    Andover,    Mass.      Glacial  phenomena  of  New 


44  GEOLOGY     OF     RHODE     ISLAND. 

Eng.  comparatively  recent  in  their  origin — not  over  10,000 
years  since.  Paper  read  before  Amer.  Assoc.  Adv.  Science, 
1880. 

1881.  M.  E.  Wadsworth.  Bulletin  of  the  Museum  of 
Comparative  Zoology  at  Harvard  College,  in  Cambridge,  vol. 
7,  No.  4,  pp.  183-187.  "A  Microscopical  Study  of  the  Iron 
Ore,  or  Peridotite,  of  Iron  Mine  Hill,  Cumberland,  R.  I." 
Besides  magnetite,  contains  olivine  and  plagioclase  feldspar, 
with  a  few  irregular  flakes  of  biotite.  "  The  order  of  crystal- 
lization appears  to  have  been,  first  the  magnetite,  then  the 
olivine,  and  lastly  the  feldspar."  Similar  to  the  celebrated 
iron  ore  of  Taberg,  Sweden,  which  has  been  worked  as  an  iron 
ore  for  over  300  years.  Part  of  the  ledge  is  non-feldspathic, 
with  olivine  changed  to  greenish  serpentine,  retaining  the  form 
of  olivine  grains.  Rock  most  probably  eruptive.  Such  rocks 
"  give  us  the  most  probable  clew  to  the  interior  composition 
and  structure  of  the  earth."  No  signs  of  sedimentation.  "The 
rock  nearest  to  the  peridotite  is  a  mica  schist  some  hundred 
feet  away." 

1881.  James  D.  Dana.  Amer.  Journ.  Science,  vol.  22. 
Quotes  from  Wads  worth,  and  says  the  ore  is  similar  to  a  chrys- 
olitic  magnetite  in  Orange  Co.,  N.  Y.,  which  is  metamorphic, 
and  therefore  probably  R.  I.  magnetite  is  also  metamorphic, 
p.  152. 

"  On  the  relation  of  the  so-called  'Karnes'  of  the  Conn. 
River  Valley  to  the  Terrace-formation,"  pp.  451-468. 

1881.  Charles  H.  Hitchcock.-  Popular  Science  3Ionthly, 
vol.  20,  pp.  229-242.  "  North  America  in  the  Ice  Period.'' 
Molecular  theory  of  glacier  motion,  towards  the  sun,  pp.  236-7. 
Distinctions  between  upper  (ferric)  and  lower  (ferrous)  till. 
Former  often  very  thin,  but  terminal  moraines  ferric  through- 
out whole  extent,  hundreds  of  feet  thick  ;  terminal  moraines  S. 
of  New  Eng.,  pp.  238-9.  Present  submarine  channels  S.  of 
Cape  Cod  and  L.  I.  show  that  the  land  in  the  eastern  half  of 
N.  Amer.  was  elevated  600  ft.  in  glacial  period,  pp.  241-2. 

1881.  C.  H.  Hitchcock.  "Geological  Map  of  the  U.  S." 
Scale  20  miles  to  the  inch.     Size  13  ft.  by  8  ft.     New  York. 


PUBLICATIONS.  45 

1881,  April.  Charles  M.  Salisbury.  Science  Advocate^ 
Atco,  N.  J.     "  Geology  of  the  Valley  of  the  Narragansett." 

1881.  N.  S.  Shaler  and  W.  M.  Davis.  "  Illustrations  of 
the  Earth's  Surface.  Glaciers."  196  pp.  and  25  plates.  Bos- 
ton. Excavation  of  lake  basins  ;  shock  and  lea  ;  boulder  trains, 
Cumberland  iron,  p.  56.  Terminal  moraine  of  old  continental 
glacier  through  Cape  Cod,  Martha's  Vineyard,  Block  and 
Long  Islands,  pp.  42,  60.  Discusses  lenticular  hills  [or  drum- 
lins],  terraces,  kames,  etc.  ;  various  theories  concerning  cause 
of  glaciers.  Several  glacial  periods  from  Cambrian  to  present 
time.  The  last  glacial  period  one  of  depression  of  the  land, 
from  20  ft.  at  southern  boundary  up  to  1,000  ft.  in  Labrador 
and  2,000  ft.  in  Greenland.  Hypothesis  of  Adhemar  [ice  caps 
changing  center  of  gravity  of  earth]  has  some  basis  ;  but  that 
of  depressions  in  earth's  ci'ust  caused  by  weight  of  ice  of  more 
value,  especially  as  explaining  irregularities  in  depression. 
Theories  for  explaining  movement  of  glaciers.      [Shaler.] 

List  of  Woi'ks  on  Glaciers  and  Glaciation,  covering  15  pp. 
quarto.  Plates,  mostly  photographs  of  glaciers,  moraines, 
striae,  slickensides,  pebbles,  weathered  boulders,  drift  sections, 
lenticular  hills,  etc.,  with  explanations.      [Davis.] 

1882.  "Wm.  Morris  Davis.  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist., 
vol.  22,  pp.  19-58.  "Glacial  Erosion."  The  article  is  an 
exhaustive  treatment  of  the  subject,  with  full  references  to 
many  authorities,  and  statement  of  many  opinions,  often  the 
naost  contradictory.  Traces  the  growth  of  the  idea  of  glacial 
erosion,  pp.  21-2.  Four  lines  of  argument :  A.  Action  of 
Glaciers  in  general.  B.  Amount  and  Distribution  of  Glacial 
Drift.  C.  Topography  of  Glaciated  Regions.  D.  Argument 
from  Necessity. 

"  In  the  East,  the  old  surface  of  the  crystalline  rocks  was 
generally  too  rough  to  allow  an  equable,  non-erosive  motion  of 
the  ice-sheet ;  but  in  the  West,  the  broad,  comparatively  level 
country  across  which  the  ice  advanced,  permitted  it  to  pass 
over  loose  deposits  without  seriously  disturbing  them,"  }).  40. 
Drumlins  found  in  intermediate  region,  between  center  and 
margin  of  glacier.     ' '  Glacial  erosion  was  greatest  near  the  cen- 


46  GEOLOGY     OF    RHODE     ISLAND. 

ters  of  glacial  dispersion,  where  the  ice  acted  for  the  longest 
time,  and  where  its  thickness  and  velocity  "were  greatest ;  here 
it  succeeded  in  scraping  away  all  of  the  rubbish  of  pre  glacial 
disintegration  and  rubbing  down  the  solid  rock  below  in  some 
places  for  a  moderate  number  of  feet ;  here  glaciers  lowered  the 
hills  and  deepened  the  valleys  on  which  they  moved,"  p.  20. 
"  Most  of  the  solid  rock  that  was  carried  away  came  from 
ledges  rather  than  from  valleys  ;  and  glaciers  had  in  general  a 
smoothing  rather  than  a  roughening  effect.  In  the  outer  areas 
on  which  the  ice  advanced  it  only  rubbed  down  the  projecting 
points  ;  here  it  acted  more  frequently  as  a  depositing  than  as  an 
eroding  agent.  No  large  lakes  have  been  produced  by  glacial 
erosion :  the  number  of  true  rock-basins  of  erosion  has  been 
greatly  exaggerated.  The  most  considerable  topographical  ef- 
fect produced  by  glaciers  is  the  heaping  of  various  morainal  de- 
posits on  an  area  smaller  than  their  source,  and  in  this  way 
very  often  forming  hills  of  considerable  size.  A  similar  indi- 
rect result  of  glacial  erosion  is  seen  in  the  very  numerous  lakes 
made  by  drift  obstructions  in  pre  glacial  valleys." 

1882.  Thomas  C.  Chamberlin.  Third  Annual  Report 
of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  by  J.  AY.  Powell,  Director. 
' '  Preliminary  Paper  on  the  Terminal  Moraine  of  the  Second 
Glacial  Epoch,"  pp.  291-402.  Defines  the  different  kinds  of 
till,  kames,  moraines,  etc.  "Intermediate  or  interlobate  mo- 
raines" are  terminal  in  character  but  medial  in  position,  "formed 
by  the  joint  action  of  two  glacial  lobes  pushing  their  marginal 
moraines  together,  and  producing  a  common  one  along  the  line 
of  their  contact."  Twelve  great  loops,  and  several  subordinate 
ones,  have  been  traced  in  the  tei-minal  moraine  W.  of  New 
Eng.,  each  formed  by  an  ice  tongue,  or  lobe,  convex  to  the 
south,  occupying  a  pre-glacial  valley.  The  movement  of  the 
ice  in  the  center  of  each  lobe  was  parallel  to  the  axis  of  the  val- 
ley, but  on  the  eastern  side  it  diverged  gradually  to  the  east, 
and  on  the  western  side  to  the  west. 

Moraine  on  L.  I.  and  New  Eng.  coast  region,  pp.  377-381. 
Prof.  C.  here  follows  Upham,  but  dissents  from  the  view  that  the 
two  moraines  mark  distinct  glacial  epochs,  and  suggests  that  they 


PUBLICATIONS.  47 

are  probably  parallel  morainic  lines  of  the  later  epoch.  The 
loops  on  the  coast  are  not  so  evident  as  in  the  interior  ;  but 
there  is  a  south^yarcl  curve  opposite  Nar.  Bay.  The  hills  south- 
ward from  Wickford  towards  Point  Judith  may  be  an  inter- 
mediate moraine  between  Nar.  Bay  and  Ct.  River. 

1882,  March  11.      Providence  Press.     Seekonk  Coal.  — 

1882.  C.  H.  Hitchcock.  Proc.  Amer.  Assoc.  Adv. 
/S'cie?ice,  vol.  31,  pp.  325-329.  "The  Glacial  Flood  of  the 
Conn.  River  Valley." 

1882.  James  D.  Daxa.  Amer.  Journ.  Science.  "The 
Flood  of  the  Connecticut  River  Valley  from  the  melting  of  the 
Quaternary  Glacier,"  vol.  23,  pp.  87-97,  179-202,  360-373; 
vol.  24,  pp.  98-104.  In  the  last,  Dana  considers  "The 
question  as  to  the  Elevation  of  the  Land,"  and  argues  that 
there  was  a  real  change  in  land-level  and  not  a  mere  change  of 
sea-level  caused  by  the  forming  of  a  polar  ice  cap  of  great 
thickness  changing  the  center  of  gravity  of  the  earth,  as  advo. 
cated  by  Adhemar,  CroU,  and  others.  Dana  still  adheres  to 
his  position  that  "  the  Glacial  era  was  not  for  the  higher  lati- 
tudes generally  one  of  less  elevation  in  the  land  than  now 
(as  it  must  be  by  Adhemar's  hypothesis) ,  and  was  probably  one 
of  somewhat  greater  elevation  for  large  portions." 

1883.  James  D.  Dana.  Proc.  Amer.  Assoc.  Adv.  Science^ 
vol.  32,  pp.  195-198.  "  Evidence  from  Southern  New  Eng- 
land against  the  Iceberg  Theory  of  the  Drift."  1.  Scratches. 
2.  Transported  bowlders.  3.  Southern  New  Eng.  not  sub- 
merged more  than  25  to  35  ft.  Also  Science,  vol.  2.  pp. 
390-392. 

1883.  J.  S.  Newberrt.  Proc.  Amer.  Assoc.  Adv.  Science, 
vol.  32.  "  The  Ancient  Glaciation  of  N.  Amer.  :  its  Extent, 
Character,  and  Teachings"  [abstract],  pp.  198-9.  "The 
Eroding  Power  of  Ice"  [abstract],  pp.  200-1.  A  protest 
against  the  theories  of  geologists  who  claim  that  glacial  ice  has 
not  played  an  important  part  in  erosion.  Also  Science,  vol.  2, 
p.  316. 

1883.     G.  F.  "Wright.     Proc.  Amer.  Assoc.  Adv.   Science, 


48  GEOLOGY     OF     RHODE     ISLAND. 

vol.  32,  p.  203.  Location  of  terminal  moraine  S.  of  New  Eng- 
land, and  parts  performed  by  E.  Hitchcock,  King,  C.  H. 
Hitchcock,  Upham,  Cook,  Smock,  and  others,  in  tracing  it. 
Also  Science,  vol.  2,  p.  316. 

1883.  Geo.  H.  Stone.  Proc.  Amer.  Assoc.  Adv.  Science., 
vol.  32,  pp.  234-237.  "The  Kame  Rivers  of  Maine." 
[Abstract.]  Evidence  of  both  sub-glacial  and  super-glacial 
streams.     Also  Science.,  vol.  2,  p.  319. 

Also  in  vol.  32,  Amer.  Assoc,  several  other  papers  on  glacial 
action,  mostly  referring  to  regions  west  of  New  Eng. 

1883.  T.  Nelson  Dale.  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist., 
vol.  22,  pp.  179-201.  "A  Contribution  to  the  Geology  of 
Rhode  Island."  This  paper  confines  itself  to  the  south-eastern 
part  of  the  island  of  Aquidneck  and  the  eastern  shore  of  the 
eastern  passage  of  Nar.  Bay.  Plate  1  is  a  geological  map  of 
that  region,  scale  g^o^^oo*  P^^te  2  is  a  geol.  map  of  "  Paradise  " 
Rocks,  near  Newport  R.  I.,  scale  youths-  Pl^-te  3  contains  sev- 
eral sections. 

In  the  first  part  of  the  paper  is  a  list  of  publications  relating 
more  or  less  directly  to  the  geology  of  the  island  of  Rhode 
Island.  The  remaining  portions  of  the  paper  state  the  views  of 
previous  writers  and  the  observations  of  Dale  upon  the  geology 
of  Easton's  Point  (including  Purgatory),  Paradise  and  the 
Hanging  Rocks,  "Wood's  Castle,  Taggart's  Ferry,  Black  Point, 
Sandy  Point,  Sachuest  Neck,  and  the  Little  Comptou  shore,  with 
kinds  of  rock,  dip,  strike,  etc.  ;  also  the  author's  conclusions. 
He  alludes  to  Lingulce  shells  in  pebbles  of  quartzite  conglom- 
erate, pp.  183,  193  ;  plant  stems  in  boulder,  p.  191  ;  and  An- 
nularia  longifolia,  p.  193.  He  states  two  theories  suggested 
by  Prof.  Wolcott  Gibbs  to  account  for  the  fissures  in  the  con- 
glomerate :      1.   Wave  theory.     2.   Contraction  theory. 

1883.  T.  Nelson  Dale.  Proceedings  of  The  Neivport  Nat- 
ural History  Society,  Document  2. 

"  The  Geology  of  the  tract  known  as  '  Paradise,'  near  New- 
port," with  map  and  sections,  pp.  3-5.  This  is  an  abstract  of 
the  paper  published  by  the  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist. 

"  Remarks  on  some  of  the  Evidences  of  Geological  Distur- 
bance  in   the  Vicinity   of  Newport,"  with  plate  containing  2 


PUBLICATIONS.  49 

figures,  pp.  5-8.  This  paper  gives  descriptions  and  localities 
of  slickensides,  plications,  faults,  double  system  of  folds,  fissures 
in  the  conglomerate,  and  dislocated  veins.  It  also  gives  expla- 
nation of  fissures  at  Purgatory  and  Paradise  as  resulting  from 
pressure  in  two  directions  nearly  at  right  angles,  in  connection 
with  the  double  system  of  folds. 

1883.  Edgar  F.  Clark.  Proc.  Neivport  Nat,  Hist.  Soc, 
Document  2,  pp.  9-12.  "  Studies  in  the  R.  I.  Coal  Meas- 
ures." He  gives  a  list  of  about  60  species  of  coal  plants  found 
in  R.  I.,  with  some  discussion  of  the  age  of  the  Aster ophyllite 
family  and  the  character  of  the  Calamostachys.  He  refers  to 
the  wing  of  an  insect  found  at  Bristol,  and  suggests  the  tempo- 
rary name  Blatta  Americana.  (See  1885,  Random  Notes, 
where  anotlier  name  is  substituted  for  this.) 

1883-4.  James  D.  Dana.  Amer.  Journ.  Science.  "On 
the  Western  discharge  of  the  flooded  Conn.  ;  or  that  through 
Farmington  Valley  to  New  Haven,"  vol.  25,  pp.  440-448. 
"  Phenomena  of  the  Glacial  and  Champlain  Periods  about  the 
mouth  of  the  Conn.  Valley  —  that  is,  the  New  Haven  Region." 
Part  I.  "  Glacial  Phenomena."  Bottom  of  glacier  flowed 
down  the  valleys  in  distinct  streams,  but  when  the  ice  was  deep, 
the  top  flowed  at  the  same  time  in  a  direction  oblique  to  the 
valleys,  vol.  26,  pp.  341-361.  Part  II.  "The  Phenomena 
of  the  Champlain  Period,  or  the  consequences  of  the  Glacial 
flood  in  the  New  Haven  Region,"  with  maps,  vol  27,  pp. 
113-130. 

Notice  of  Prof.  Chamberlin's  paper  on  the  "  Terminal 
Moraine  of  the  Second  Glacial  Epoch."  Prof.  D.  states  that 
he  "  has  not  yet  observed  in  New  Eng,  any  facts  that  can  be 
referred  to  a  second  glacial  epoch"  ;  refers  to  his  views  pub- 
lished in  1873  in  regard  to  a  terminal  moraine  deposit  on  Long 
Island  from  the  melting  southern  edge  of  the  retreating  glacier, 
and  states  that  "  it  is  still  true  that  nobody  knows  whether  the 
glacier  may  not  have  extended  miles  outside  of  L.  I.  when  at 
its  farthest  limit,"  the  principal  objection  being  that  the  termi- 
nal moraine  of  New  Jersey  is  nearly  in  a  line  with  the  south- 
ern coast  of  L.  I.  He  "  has  satisfied  himself  that  the  double 
4 


50  GEOLOGY     OF     RHODE     ISLAND. 

line  of  elevation  in  L.  I.  was  a  configuration  of  the  surface  that 
preceded  the  era  of  glacial  depositions.  The  underlying  sands, 
gravels,  and  clays,  up  to  a  level  usually  of  80  ft.  and  often 
greater,  are  Tertiary  (where  not  Cretaceous) ,  and  the  subdivis- 
ions into  high  or  low  regions  appear  to  have  existed  in  these 
older  deposits  of  L.  I.  before  glacial  deposition  took  place," 
vol.  28,  pp.  228-231. 

1884.  T.  Nelson  Dale.  Amer.  Journ.  Science,  vol.  27,  pp. 
217-228,  282-291.  "  A  Contribution  to  the  Geology  of  Rhode 
Island,"  with  geol.  section  and  map  of  the  south-western 
part  of  the  island  of  Aquidneck,  the  southern  half  of  Conanicut 
island,  and  the  western  shore  of  the  west  passage  of  Nar.  Bay, 
scale  g^^oQ.  The  first  two  pages  are  devoted  to  a  re-state- 
ment of  the  principal  points  of  the  author's  former  paper. 
"  The  two  papers,  together,  thus  describe  a  belt  across  the  lands 
which  border  and  divide  the  mouth  of  Nar.  Bay,  and  aiFord  an 
entire  section  across  the  southern  extremity  of  the  New  Eng- 
land Carboniferous  Basin." 

States  the  conflicting  views  of  Jackson,  E.  Hitchcock,  C.  H. 
Hitchcock,  Shaler,  Hunt,  and  Crosby  respecting  the  rocks  of 
Newport  Neck,  pp.  219,  289,  290.  Gives  kinds  of  rock,  dip, 
strike,  etc.,  for  Easton's  Beach,  Cliffs,  Newport  City,  Mianto- 
nomah  Hill,  Coddington  Cove,  Bishop  Rock,  Coaster's  Har- 
bor Island  and  Rock,  Gull  Rocks,  Goat  Island,  Little  Lime 
Rock,  Lime  Rocks,  Newport  Neck,  Rose  Island,  Conanicut, 
Dutch  Island,  Packard's  Rocks,  Bonnet  Point,  and  Narragansett 
Pier,  with  stratigraphical  and  physiographical  conclusions.  On 
Newport  shore  near  Narragansett  Avenue  is  the  converse  of  the 
Purgatory  chasm,  "  the  rock  between  two  E.-W.  fissures  being 
left,  while  that  on  either  side  has  been  eroded."  In  Carboniferous 
times  "  the  ancient  shore,  on  the  east,  followed  the  line  now 
indicated  by  the  range  of  granite  hills  trending  south  from  Tiver- 
ton towards  West  Island,  and,  on  the  west,  that  indicated  by 
the  corresponding  range  of  Barber's  Height  and  Tower  Hill, 
fifteen  miles  distant  in  North  and  South  Kingstown,  which 
trends  southward  toward  Point  Judith."  An  island  about  4 
miles  in  diameter  covered  what  is  now  part  of  Conanicut,  New- 
port Neck,  and  harbor.     The  plowing  out  of  the  east,  west,  and 


PUBLICATIONS.  51 

central  passages  of  Nar.  Bay  and  other   valleys   attributed  "in 
part  to  pre-glacial,  but  largely  to  glacial  erosion." 

1884-5.  T.  Nelson  Dale.  Proc.  Newport  Nat.  Hist. 
Soc,  Documents. 

"  The  Geology  of  the  Mouth  of  Narragansett  Bay,"  pp.  5- 
14.  This  paper  gives  in  a  general  and  popular  form,  without 
scientific  details,  the  results  reached  in  the  two  papers  published 
by  the  same  author  in  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  and  Amer. 
Journ.  Science.  It  furnishes  a  colored  geological  map  of  the 
Mouth  of  Nar.  Bay,  scale  5^^^5-g^ ;  a  geological  section  15^ 
miles  long,  extending  from  West  Island  N.  W.  across  New- 
port, Conanicut,  and  Dutch  Islands  to  the  mainland  on  the  W. 
shore  ;  and  a  fine  artotype  view  of  The  Hanging  Rock,  or  Berke- 
ley's Seat,  at  Paradise. 

Dale  recognizes  9  kinds  of  rock  in  that  vicinity  :  1 .  Protogine 
clearly  stratified  (a  granite  with  chlorite  in  place  of  mica) 
and  gneiss  ;  foimd  in  E.  part  of  Newport  Neck,  S.  part  of 
northern  extension  of  Conanicut,  E.  and  "VV.  Islands,  near  Nar. 
Pier,  etc.  ;  1,200  ft.  or  more  thick.  2.  Mica  Schist,  with  veins 
of  granite  ;  on  main  land  N.  of  Nar.  Pier  ;  1,450  ft.  3.  Chlorite 
and  Hornblende  Schists  ;  in  small  patches  ;  400  to  900  ft. 
4.  Chloritic  Argillyte ;  W.  part  of  Newport  Neck,  several 
small  islands,  and  Little  Compton  ;  500  to  2,000  ft.  5.  Siliceous 
Argillyte  or  "  flinty  slate"  ;  middle  part  of  Newport  Neck,  a 
small  part  of  Conanicut  and  Sachuest  Neck  ;  500  to  2,000  ft. 
6.  Metamorphic  Grit,  with  Annularia  longifolia ;  in  small 
patches ;  750  ft.  7.  Sideritic  Argillyte,  gray  argillaceous 
schists  ;  Easton's  Point,  most  of  the  southern  part  of  Conani- 
cut, including  the  Avhole  Beaver  Tail  and  Ferry  regions  ;  600 
to  2,000  ft.  8.  Quartzyte  Conglomerate,  with.  Lingulae  ;  most 
of  Easton's  Point  and  Paradise,  Purgatory,  E.  shore  of  Aquid- 
neck  Island,  etc.  ;  750  ft.  9.  Coal  Measures,  slates,  mica 
schist,  and  fine  conglomerates,  Avith  coal  seams ;  much  of  the 
island  of  Aquidneck,  Dutch  Island,  parts  of  Conanicut,  etc.  ; 
2,000  ft.  Total  8,000  to  13,000  ft.  Dale  finds  no  igneous  or 
eruptive  rocks.  Nos.  1  &  2  are  the  oldest,  perhaps  Archean ; 
Nos.  3,4,  &  5  possibly  Silurian  ;  and  Nos.  6,  7,  8,  &  9  cer- 
tainly Carboniferous.     There  is  the  greatest  variety   of  rocks 


52  GEOLOGY     OF     RHODE     ISLAND. 

about  Newport  Neck  and  the  southern  portion  of  the  northern 
part  of  Conanicut,  near  the  Dumplings,  there  being  no  less  than 
five  different  kinds  in  each  of  those  localities.  Some  of  the 
boulders  in  No.  8  are  very  large,  measuring  from  4  to  9  ft.  in 
diameter.  Four  theories  (glacier,  iceberg,  sea-waves,  and 
river-current)  are  given  to  account  for  the  formation  of  this 
conglomerate.  There  are  no  strata  here  of  the  identical  char- 
acter of  the  pebbles  and  boulders  contained  in  it.  The  pres- 
sure of  the  strata  in  two  directions  and  glacial  action  are  dis- 
cussed, as  in  other  papers.  The  map  differs  from  Jackson's 
most  in  the  rocks  of  Newport  Neck  and  the  southern  part  of 
Conanicut. 

"  On  Metamorphism  in  the  R.  I.  Coal  Basin,"  pp.  85,  86. 
R.  I.  Carboniferous  rocks  differ  from  others  of  the  same  age  in 
being  more  metamorphosed.  "  Instead  of  bituminous  coal  or  of 
anthracite,  we  find  there  a  plumbaginous  anthracite ;  instead  of 
the  accompanying  clays  and  clay-slates,  we  find  clay-slates  and 
mica-schists."  But  the  metamorphism  of  the  coal  measures 
has  proceeded  further  than  it  is  generally  supposed  to  have  done, 
even  in  that  region.  Along  the  West  Passage  of  Nar.  Bay, 
the  strata  of  the  coal-measures  are  more  disturbed  and  meta- 
morphosed than  in  other  portions  of  that  section  of  the  basin. 
On  the  W.  shore  of  the  northern  portion  of  Conanicut,  Dale 
found  mica  schist  and  plumbaginous  argillyte  with  garnets, 
staurolite,  ottrelite,  chlorite,  quartzyte,  and  radiate  asbestus. 
"  If  such  highly  crystalline  Paleozoic  rocks  occur  in  one  region 
they  may  occur  elsewhere  ;  and  it  would  not  be  surprising  if 
some  metamorphic  rocks,  now  regarded  as  of  Azoic  or  Eozoic 
age,  should  be  ultimately  found  to  belong  to  the  Paleozoic." 
Reprinted  by  The  Newport  Nat.  Hist.  Soc.  from  Proc.  Gana- 
dian  Institute,  Toronto,  March,  1885. 

1884.  J.  D.Whitney  and  M.  E.  Wadsworth.  Bulletin 
Museum  Comparative  Zoology  at  Harvard  College,  in  Cam- 
bridge, vol.  7,  No.  11,  pp.  331-562.  "The  Azoic  System 
and  its  proposed  subdivisions."  Exhaustive  discussion  of  the 
Azoic  or  Archean,  with  history,  and  views  of  prominent  geol- 
ogists at  different  times.  Graphite,  limestone,  iron,  sulphur, 
apatite,  and  Eozoan  Canadense  no   evidence  of  life  below  the 


PUBLICATIONS.  53 

Primordial ;  argues  for  term  Azoic  for  all  these  older  forma- 
tions. Makes  a  distinction  between  gi-aphite  of  older  rocks  and 
plumbago  of  later.  Opposes  the  principles  adopted  by  Logan 
and  Hunt.  Present  arrangement  of  Canadian  Survey  :  Lauren- 
tian,  Norian,  Arvonian,  Huronian,  Montalban,  and  Taconian. 
If  the  principles  of  that  survey  were  to  be  carried  out,  there 
should  be  12  divisions  instead  of  6,  and  they  should  be  wholly 
lithological. 

1884.  J.  and  J.  B.  Marcou.  Bulletin  of  the  U.  S. 
Geolog.  Survey,  No.  7.  "A  Catalogue  of  Geological  Maps  of. 
America,  1752-1881."    Boundin  vol.  2  of  the  Bulletins,  1885. 

1884.  Random  Notes  on  Natural  History,  Providence,  vol. 
1.  Hornblende  penetrating  Quartz,  Calumet  Hill,  Cumberland, 
No.  1,  p.  3.  Magnetic  Sand  of  Block  Island,  No.  2,  p.  5. 
Rhode  Island  Iron,  No.  5,  p.  3.  Quartz  Crystals  of  Cumber- 
land and  Smithfield,  No.  6,  p.  6. 

1884.  E.  B.  Eddy.  Bandom  Notes,  vol.  1,  No.  4,  pp.  11, 
12.     Porphyritic  Iron  Ore  of  Cumberland. 

1884.  G.  E.  Wright.  Amer.  Naturalist,  vol.  18,  pp.  755- 
767.  "The  Glaciated  Area  of  North  America."  With 
map,  fig.  1,  p.  756,  showing  terminal  moraine  through  Block 
Island,  Long  Island,  etc.     Kames  in  New  England. 

1884.  Leo  Lesquereux.  Amer.  Naturalist,  vol.  18,  pp. 
921-923.  "The  Carboniferous  Elora  of  R.I."  List  of 
species,  named,  and  description  of  two  new  species. 

1884.  "W."  in  The  B.  I.  Citizen,  Jan.  11.  "Round 
Rocks"  in  Johnston,  R.  I. 

1884.  Brovidence  Journal,  May  14.  "  Field-Day  of  the 
Franklin  Society.  The  'Round  Rocks'  interviewed."  Includ- 
ing poem  by  Geo  S.  Burleigh. 

1884.  Brovidence  Journal,  May  22.  "  Meeting  of  the 
Prov.  Franklin  Society,"  including  a  report  of  the  Committee 
on  the  Geol.  of  R.  I. 

1884.  Brovidence  Journal,  Sept.  17.  "Block  Island. 
The    Strata   Found   in    Digging   Wells."     Some  of  the  wells 


54  GEOLOGY    OF    RHODE     ISLAND. 

were  bored  from  70  to  100  ft.  deep,  running  far  below  the 
level  of  the  sea,  without  finding  a  good  supply  of  water.  The 
strata  found  are  composed  of  sand,  clay,  pebbles,  cobblestones, 
and  peat ;  but  no  ledge.  A  remarkably  white,  fine  sand  is 
mentioned  in  two  instances. 

1884.  W.  M.  Davis.  Amer.  Journ.  Science,  vol.  28, 
pp.  407-416.  "The  Distribution  and  Origin  of  Drumlins." 
The  term  means  a  long,  rounded  hill.  "  Di'umlins  are  hills 
composed  of  compact,  unstratified  glacial  drift  or  till ;  their 
form  is  usually  elongate  or  oval,  with  a  ratio  of  horizontal  axes 
varying  from  6  :  1  to  1  :  1  ;  the  longer  axis  is  parallel  to  former 
local  glacial  motion,  as  shown  by  neighboring  striation  or  trans- 
portation of  bowlders  ;  the  profile  is  generally  smoothly  arched 
and  commonly  almost  symmetrical ;  terminal  slopes,  3°  to  10°  ; 
lateral  slopes,  10°  to  20°  ;  length,  one-eiglith  to  two  or  more 
miles  ;  height,  20  to  250  feet  above  base."  The  "  parallel  ridges," 
"drums  and  sow-backs,"  "  lenticular  hills,"  "  Avhalebacks," 
"  parallel  drift-hills,"  and  "mamillary  or  elliptical  hills  "  of  other 
authors  are  nearly  synonymous  terms.  Various  theories  of 
origin  stated.  Davis  favors  the  theory  that  they  were  made 
under  glaciers  in  a  way  "  similar  to  that  by  which  a  stream  of 
water  often  makes  longitudinal  ridges  of  sand  in  its  bed  ;"  and 
thinks  they  "  have  suffered  very  little  from  post-glacial  erosion." 
"  Kames  were  formed  close  by  the  front  of  the  melting  and  re- 
treating ice,"  sometimes  on  the  flanks  of  drumlins. 

1884.  Arthur  B.  Emmons.  Transactions  Amer.  Insti- 
tute Mining  Engineers.  "  Notes  on  the  R.  I.  and  Mass. 
Coals,"  8  pp.  Exploring  for  coal  with  a  diamond  drill. 
Analyses  by  F.  A.  Gooch  and  B.  T.  Putnam  of  nine  samples 
of  Portsmouth  coal,  averaging  about  73  per  cent,  carbon  ;  one 
of  Cranston  coal,  82  carbon,  and  others.  "The  Portsmouth 
coal  possesses  the  striking  peculiarity  of  quickly  taking  up  a 
large  percentage  of  Avater  under  a  moist  condition  of  the  atmos- 
phere, and  as  readily  parting  with  it  under  a  drier  condition  of 
the  atmosphere."  The  percentage  of  water  may  vary  10  to 
15  per  cent.  Fraudulent  coal-core  cut  in  Seekonk,  Mass.,  in 
1875. 


PUBLICATIONS.  55 

1884.  C.  H.  Hitchcock.  Geological  Map  of  the  U.  S.  in 
"  The  National  Atlas,"  Gray,  Phila.  Differs  from  the  maps 
of  1874  and  1878.  Silurian  runs  from  Boston  through  nearly 
the  whole  western  part  of  the  northern  boundary  of  R.  I.,  as 
far  S.  as  Providence,  leaving  the  N.  E.  part  of  R.  I.  Carbon- 
iferous. 

1884.  W.  J.  McGee.  Geological  Map  of  the  U.  S.,  in 
"  Fifth  Annual  Report  of  the  U.S.  Geological  Survey,"  by  J. 
'W.  Powell,  Director.     R.  I.  Archean  and  Carboniferous. 

1884.  H.  F.  A\"alling.  "  Cooperation  between  National 
and  State  Governments  in  Topographical  Surveys."  Read  be- 
fore the  Amer.  Society  of  Civil  Engineers  at  the  Buifalo  meet- 
ing, pp.  331-342. 

1884-86.  Reports  of  the  Commissioners  of  the  Topographi- 
cal Survey  of  Mass.,  Francis  A.  "Walker,  Henry  L.  Whiting, 
and  N.  S.  Shaler. 

1885.  Providence  Journal,  Feb.  14,  quoted  from  Iron 
Trade  JReview.  "  Making  Iron  at  Tide-water."  Amount  and 
value  of  Cumberland  iron,  and  advantages  of  locating  furnaces 
on  tide-water  where  ores,  coal,  limestone,  and  markets  are 
found  together. 

1885.  John  "\Y.  Powell,  Director  of  the  U.  S.  Geological 
Survey.  "  On  the  Organization  of  Scientific  "Work  of  the  Gen- 
eral Government,"  468  pp.  Washington  Government  Printing 
Office.  Extracts  from  testimony  taken  by  a  Joint  Commission 
of  Senate  and  House. 

1885.  David  W.  Hoyt.  Random  Notes  on  Nat.  Hist., 
vol.  2,  pp.  36,  37.  "  Soundings  in  and  around  Narragansett 
Bay."  Report  of  lecture  before  Franklin  Society,  showing  the 
effect  if  the  land  Avere  raised  50  or  100  ft. 

1885.  Random  Notes  on  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  2,  p.  64. 
^^3Iylacris  Packardii,"  a  fossil  insect  found  at  Bristol,  R.  I., 
by  E.  F.  Clark,  named  by  Scudder.      (See  1883.) 

1885.  Message  of  Gov.  Bourn  to  the  R.  I.  General 
Assembly.     Commends  the  plan  for  an   exact  topographical 


56  GEOLOGY   OF   RHODE   ISLAND. 

survey  of  the  State  by  the  U.  S.  Geological   Survey  and  the 
State  of  R.  I.,  jointly. 

Estimated  cost  of  the  survey,  $12,000,  half  to  be  paid  by 
R.  I.  and  half  by  U.  S.  ;  $3,000  per  year  each,  for  2  years- 
Articles  in  favor,  and  resolutions  of  the  Prov.  Franklin  Society, 
Prov.  Journal,  Feb.  4,  5,  7,  &  10.  A  hearing  was  granted  the 
Society  the  next  year,  reported  in  Prov.  Journ.,  April  1,  1886. 

1886.  Providence  Journal,  March  10.  "  Block  Island 
Trees."  Finding  pine  cones  in  a  peat  bed,  considered  by  the 
inhabitants  as  evidence  that  the  island  was  once  wooded  with 
pine  trees. 

1886.  A.  W.  Brown.  Providence  Journcd,  March  17. 
"Block  Island.  Its  Trees."  Hickory  nuts  as  well  as  pine  cones 
found  in  peat ;  also  leaves,  roots,  stumps,  and  large  logs.  Dis- 
tinct lignitic  coal  found.  One  peat  bed  20  ft.  thick,  under 
Sandy  Hill.  Probably  the  trees  grew  on  the  main  land,  and  these 
vegetable  remains  were  transported  to  the  island  by  ice  or  flood. 

1886.  Providence  Journal,  May  18.  "  The  Wolf  Rocks 
at  Kingston." 

1886.  A.  S.  Packard.  Providence  Journal,  May  27. 
"  A  Visit  to  the  Wolf  Rocks."  Enormous  boulders  deposited 
by  glacial  action  in  a  deep  ravine,  of  pre-glacial  origin,  which 
runs  N.  W.  and  S.  E.     Copied  in  Random  Notes,  July,  1886. 

1886.  Thomas  J.  Battey.  Random  Notes  on  Nat.  Hist., 
vol.  3,  "  Karnes  in  R.  I.,"  p.  81.  "  The  Amethyst  Locality 
of  Burrillville,  R.  I.,"  pp.  90,  91. 

1886.  C.  H.  Hitchcock.  "  Geological  Map  of  the  U.  S. 
and  part  of  Canada,"  compiled  "  for  the  American  Institute  of 
Mining  Engineers,  to  illustrate  the  schemes  of  Coloration  and 
Nomenclature  recommended  by  the  International  Geological 
Congress."  Explained  in  Transactions  Amer.  Inst.  Min.  Eng. 
The  Archean  Era  is  divided  into  two  periods  only,  Laurentian 
and  Huronian.  R.  I.  is  given  as  Laurentian  and  Carbonifer- 
ous, without  the  Silurian  which  appears  in  the  map  of  1884  by 
the  same  author. 

1886.  W.  0.  Crosby  and  G.  H.  Barton.  Proc.  Boston 
Soc.  Nat.,  Hist.,  vol.  23.     "On  the  Great  Dikes  at  Paradise, 


PUBLICATIONS.  57 

ceai"  Newport."  The  "  amphibolic  aggregate"  of Pres.  Hitch- 
cock and  "  hornblende  schist"  of  Dale  found  to  be  eruptive, 
not  stratified.  This  reverses  their  previous  generalization  that 
the  Carboniferous  strata  of  N.  Eng.  are  not  traversed  by 
eruptive  rock. 

1886.    Pvov.  Journal.     "  Local  Artesian  Wells,"  Dec.  10. 

"  A  New  R.  I.  Industry,"  Dec.  30.  Advocates  "  erecting 
a  modern  blast  furnace  at  some  point  on  Nar.  Bay,"  using 
Cumbei'land  iron  ore  and  Portsmouth  coal.  Refers  to  results 
of  experiments  by  W.  H.  Adams  with  Portsm.  coal,  given  in 
Engineer  and  Mining  Journal  of  Dec.  4. 

1886.  Science,  vol.  8,  pp.  622-3.  Topographical  Survey 
of  Mass.,  executed  jointly  by  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  and 
State  of  Mass.  First  map  published,  Greylock-Williamsto-svn- 
North  Adams  district,  scale  1  inch  to  a  mile  (e^soo)^  "  "^^^^^ 
brown  contours  every  20  ft.,  blue  water  courses,  and  black 
roads,  towns,  and  lettering."  Value  of  good  topographical 
maps,  and  need  of  '•  local  examination  of  minute  topographic 
details." 

1886.  T.  Sterry  Hunt.  "  Mineral  Physiology  and  Phy- 
siography." Boston.  Gives  7  different  theories  of  the  origin 
of  crystalline  or  Archean  rocks,  including  a  new  one  proposed 
by  Hunt,  the  "  crenitic  "  theory. 

18/7.  Providence  Journal.  "The  Cove  Basin.  Sound- 
ings taken  to  determine  the  underlying  strata,"  Jan.  10.  Kind 
and  thickness  of  strata  passed  through  in  sinking  several  wells 
in  and  near  the.  Cove. 

"  Possibilities  of  Poi'tsmouth  Coal,"  Jan.  19.  Hope  of 
finding  natural  gas  in  Portsm.     From  Fall  River  News. 

"Rhode  Island  Coal,"  Feb.  6.  Interview  with  the  former 
superintendent  of  the  Portsm.  mines,  history  of  the  v/ork  there. 

■  1887.  Message  of  Gov.  "Wetmore  to  the  R.  I.  General 
Assembly.  Calls  attention  to  the  value  and  importance  of  a 
geological  and  scientific  survey  of  the  State,  and  gives  a  history 
of  the  matter  from  1875  to  date. 

NOTK. — References  to  other  publications,  received  too  late  for  insertion  in  the 
proper  order,  will  be  given  in  a  later  portion  of  this  report. 


58  GEOLOGY    OF     RHODE     ISLAND. 

II.    Catalogue  of  Rocks,  Minerals,  and  Soils, 

Collected    during    the     Geological    Survey    of   Rhode    Island, 

Summer  of  1839. 

By   Charles  T.    Jackson,    M.    D. 

Class  1.      Unstratified  Rocks. 
(Granite,  Sienite,  Hornblende  Rock,  Trap,  Serpentine,  Soapstone,  etc.) 


Gran 
Gran 
Gran 
Gran 
Gran 
Gran 
Gran 
Gran 
Gran 
Gran 
Gran 
Gran 
Gran 
Gran 
Gran 
Gran 
Gran 
Gran 
Gran 


te,  with  Flesh-colored  Feldspar,  Mount  Hope. 

te,  near  Brande's  Iron  works,  Richmond. 

te,  near  Phillips  hotel,  Scituate. 

te,  coarse,  Warren's  Point,  Little  Compton. 

te,  with  Black  Mica,  Louisquisset  Turnpike,  Smithfield. 

te,  west  side  of  Harris  Lime  Rock,  Smithfield. 

te,  Rockland  factories,  Scituate. 

te,  Boston  Neck  Point.* 

te,  vein,  Boston  Neck.* 

te.  Point  Judith,  east  shore,  South  Kingstown. 

te,  Job  Grant,  Cumberland. 

te,  coarse,  with  White  Feldspar,  Boston  Neck  Point. 

te,  coarse,  Mr.  Almy's,  Little  Compton. 

te,  Protogine,  Cumberland  Hill. 

te,  coarse,  Whipple  Cook's,  Cumberland. 

te,  Austin's  Point,  South  Kingstown. 

te,  vein,  Cumberland. 

te,  Porphyritic,  Mr.  Razy's,  Cumberland. 

te,  Mr.  Razy's,  Cumberland. 


*  "  Warwick  "  is  added  to  these  lines  in  manuscript  No.  2,  but  is  not  found 
in  manuscript  No.  1.  Probably  the  addition  was  the  result  of  confounding  Bos- 
ton Neck,  in  South  Kingstown,  with  Warwick  Neck. 

Note.  We  are  not  aware  that  this  Catalogue  has  ever  before  been  printed. 
Dr.  Jackson,  in  his  Report,  says,  "  manuscript  copies  will  be  furnished  with  the 
three  suits  of  specimens."  Two  copies  of  this  catalogue  are  now  in  the  posses, 
sion  of  the  Providence  Franklin  Society.  One  of  these,  which  we  shall  call  manu- 
script No.  1,  bears  upon  the  cover  the  following  :  "  The  property  of  C.  T.  Jackson, 
Boston."  Upon  one  of  the  leaves  is  inscribed  :  "  Presented  to  the  Providence 
Franklin  Society,  by  L.  Holbrook,  New  York.  Providence,  August  21,  1879."  It 
appears  to  be  the  original  copy  prepared  by  Dr.  Jackson,  in  which  specimens  are 
not  classified.  Manuscript  No.  2  appears  to  be  the  copy  originally  given  to  the 
Franklin  Society  with  one  of  the  three  sets  of  specimens.    It  is  evidently  copied 


Jackson's   catalogue.  59 

Sienite,  Beacon  Pole  Hill,  Cumberland. 

Sienite,  Governor  Knight's,  Cranston. 

Hornblende  Rock,  Clayville. 

Hornblende  Rock,  North  Providence. 

Hornblende  Rock,  W.  of  Jointer  ledge,  Harris  rock,  Smithfield. 

Hornblende  Rock,  crystalline,  Cumberland  Hill. 

Hornblende  Rock,  Neutaconkanut  Hill. 

Hornblende  Rock,  Cumberland  Hill. 

Hornblende  Rock,  a  variety,  Smithfield.* 

Hornblende  Rock,  William  AVhipple,  Cumberland.* 

Hornblende  Rock,  Hunting  Hill,  Cumberland. 

Hornblende  Rock,  Iron  mine,  Cranston. 

Greenstone  Trap,  dyke.  North  Providence. 

Greenstone  Trap,  dyke.  Middle  rock,  H.  quarry,   Smithfield. 

Trap  Rock  Avith  limestone,  near  W.  Whipple's,  Cumberland. 

Talcose  Rock,  or  Soapstone,  William  Jenkins,  Cranston. 

Talcose  Rock,  a  wall  in  Cumberland. 

Talcose  Rock,  Smithfield. 

Talcose  Rock,  containing  Green  Talc,  Smithfield. 

Talcose  Rock,  William  Whipple,  Cumberland. 

Talcose  Rock,  Brown's,  Johnston. f 

Serpentine  Rock,  (decomposed)  Diamond  Hill,  Cumberland. 

Serpentine,  William  Whipple,  Cumberland. 

Serpentine,  Knight's  hotel,  Johnston. 

Serpentine,  4  varieties,  opposite  the  Lime  Is.,  Newport. 

Serpentine,  Willow  Grove,  Newport. 

Serpentine,  light  yellow,  smoothed.  Aaron  White,  Cumberland. 

Epidote  Rock,  Tower  Hill,  Cumberland. 

Epidote  Rock,  Neutaconkanut  Hill. 

Quartz  Rock,  Mansville. 

Feldspar  Rock,  compact,  Newport  Neck. 

Gneiss,  Porphyritic  Granite,  North  Providence. 

from  No.  1,  but  the  specimens  are  arranged  in  a  different  order,  rocks  of  the  same 
kind  being  put  together.  The  catalogue  here  printed  is  copied  from  manuscript 
No.  2,  but  corrected  by  comparison  with  No.  1. 

Repetitions  are  not  reprinted  here,  where  the  language  in  the  manuscript  is 
precisely  the  same,  and  may  possibly  refer  to  the  same  specimen. 

*  Corrected  from  manuscript  No.  1. 

t  In  manuscript  No.  1,  only. 


60 


GEOLOGY     OF     RHODE     ISLAND. 


Class  2.      Stratified  Primary  Bocks,  or  Rocks  of  3Ietatyiorphic 

Origin. 

(Gneiss,  Mica  Slate,  Talcose  Slate,  Limestones,  Altered  Slates,  etc.) 

Gneiss,  Nipmuck  quarries,  Scituate. 

Gneiss,  Cumberland  Iron  Hill. 

Gneiss,  C.  Edwards. 

Gneiss,  Porphyritic,  "West  Greenwich. 

Gneiss,  Granite,  Richmond  factories. 

Gneiss,  Smithfield. 

Gneiss,  Burrillville. 

Gneiss,  Porphyritic,  Louisquisset  Turnpike,  North  Providence. 

Gneiss,  Louisquisset  Turnpike,  Smithfield. 

Gneiss,  Cumberland  Hill. 

Gneiss,  Mr.  Aldrich,  Smithfield. 

Gneiss,  Porphyritic  Granite,  South  Kingstown  Hill. 

Gneiss,  Granite,  Rockland  factories,  Scituate. 

Mica  Slate,  Z.  Southgate,  Smithfield. 

Mica  Slate,  Black,  North  Providence. 

Mica  Slate,  Whipple  Cook's,  Cumberland. 

Mica  Slate,  C.  Edwards. 

Mica  Slate,  Black,  Brande's  Iron  Works,  Richmond. 

Mica  Slate,  Neutaconkanut  Hill. 

Mica  Slate,  Devil's  Foot  ledge,  North  Kingstown. 

Mica  Slate,  White,  with  Black  Mica. 

Mica  Slate,  South  Kingstown  Ferry. 

Mica  Slate,  Blue,  AVoonsocket  Falls. 

Mica  Slate,  North  Kingstown. 

Mica  Slate,  scythe-stones,  G  specimens,  Woonsocket. 

Mica  Slate,  Captain  Jenckes,  Smithfield. 

Mica  Slate,  Natic  factories,  Warwick. 

Mica  Slate,  wall  of  Serpentine  bed,  Cumberland. 

Mica  Slate,  Mr.  Ballou,  Cumberland. 

Mica  Slate,  calciferous,  loose,  Cumberland. 

Mica  Slate,  Whipple  Razy's,  Cumberland. 

Mica  Slate,  passing  into  Grauwacke,  Wickford. 

Talco-micaceous  Slate,  green,  Z.  Southgate,  Smithfield. 

Talco-micaceous  Slate,  wrinkled,  Z.  Southgate,  Smithfield. 


Jackson's  catalogue.  61 

Talco-micaceous  Slate,  Mansville. 

Talcose  Slate,  or  firestone,  Woonsocket  Hill. 

Talcose  Slate,  Johnston. 

Talcose  Slate,  with  Tottenite,  Conanicut  Island.* 

Talcose  Slate,  mostly  Granular  Quartz. 

Chlorite  Slate,  W.  Jenkins,  Cranston. 

Chlorite  Slate,  North  Providence. 

Chlorite  Slate,  W.  Whipple's,  Cumberland. 

Indurated  Slate,  Rock  farm,  Newport. 

Indurated  Slate,  Price's  Neck,  Newport. 

Indurated  Slate,  Newport  Neck. 

Flinty  Slate,  "Willow  Grove,  Newport. 

Hornblende  Slate,  Cumberland  Hill. 

Slate,  Newport  Neck. 

Slate,  green,  compact,  Newport  Neck. 

Slate,  from  Jenkins  &  Man's,  Smithfield, 

Scoria  of  Slate,  at  junction  with  Grauwacke,  Newport   Neck, 

contains  glazed  Epidote. 
Limestone,  nodules  in  Grauwacke  Slate,  Newport. 
Carbonate  of  lime,  first  quality.  Dexter  rock,  Smithfield. 
Carbonate  of  lime,  blue,  reticulated  with  white,  Dext.  Smithf. 
Carbonate  of  lime,  first  quality,  soft,  Harris  lime  rock,  Smithf. 
Hard  Jointer,  first  quality,  Harris  rock,  Smithfield. 
Magnesian  Limestone,  hard.  Middle  rock,  Smithfield. 
Blue  Jointer,  first  quality,  Smithfield. 
Hard  Jointer,  first  quality,  Smithfield. 
Calcareous  Spar,  Harris  rock,  Smithfield. 
Limestone,  E.  Angel,  Smithfield. 
Translucent  Limestone,  Harris  quarry,  Smithfield. 

*This  line  occurs  In  both  manuscripts.  In  manuscript  No.  1  it  is  immediately 
preceded  by  "  Talcose  Slate  containing  brown  mineral,  Conanicut,"  which  does 
not  appear  in  No.  2.  Perhaps  "  Tottenite  "  was  so  named  by  Dr.  Jackson  in  honor 
of  Col.  J.  G.  Totten,  U.S.  army,  who  liad  charge  of  the  construction  of  Fort 
Adams,  Newport,  1825-38,  and  conducted  a  series  of  experiments  on  the  expansion 
and  contraction  of  building  stone  by  natural  clianges  of  temperature.  We  have 
not  seen  "  Tottenite  "  mentioned  elsewhere.  Had  Dr.  Jackson  decided  it  to  be 
a  distinct  species,  he  would  have  published  the  fact.  An  examination  of  the  two 
specimens,  preserved  in  the  cabinet  of  the  Franklin  Society,  leads  us  to  conclude 
that  they  are  the  "  Sideritic  Argillyte"  of  Dale,  containing  minute  nodules  of 
siderite,  weathered  to  limonite  on  exposure.  Dale  remarks  that  these  nodules. 
"  when  oxidized,  give  the  surface  of  the  rock  a  striking  appearance." 


62  GEOLOGY    OF     RHODE     ISLAND. 

Limestone,  Louisquisset  Turnpike,  A.  Arnold,  Smithfield. 
Limestone  with  Dendrites,  Harris  quarry,  Smithfield. 
Rhomboid  of  Rhomb  Spar,  Harris  rock,  Smithfield. 
Rhomboid  of  Rhomb  Spar,  containing  Silvery  Talc  and  delicate 

Dendrites,  Harris  rock,  Smithfield. 
Argentine  Limestone,  Middle  rock,  Smithfield. 
Talcose  Limestone,  J.  Arnold,  Smithfield. 
Limestone,  J.  Arnold,  Smithfield. 
Green  Limestone,  F.  Brown,  Cumberland. 
Limestone,  granular,  Cumberland. 
Limestone  in  Chlorite  Slate,  W.  Jenkins,  Cranston. 
Limestone,  fine  granular,  Brown's  quarry,  Johnston. 
Nail-head  Calcareous  Spar,  with  Silvery  Talc,  Smithfield. 
Blue  Limestone,  North  Providence. 
Limestone,  Mr.  Whipple's,  Smithfield. 
Compact  Limestone,  Lime  Island,  Newport  Harbor. 
Limestone  Breccia,  shore  near  Fort  Adams,  Newport. 
Limestone,  buiF-colored,  near  Fort  Adams,  Newport.* 
Limestone,  Cumberland  Hill. 

Magnesian  Limestone,  Hard  Middle  rock,  Smithfield, 
Limestone,  Mr.  Mason,  North  Providence. 
Limestone,  North  Providence. 
Yellow  Limestone,  North  Providence. 

Class  3.      Transition    Grauivackes    and    Slates    of  the    Coal 
Formation,    Coal,  Plumbago,   etc. 

Grauwacke,  fine,  compact,  Peter  Church's  quarry,  Warren. 
Grauwacke,  metamorphic,  Swanzey,  1   mile  W.  Gray's  P.  0. 
Grauwacke,  metamorphic,  Louisquisset  Turnpike,  N.  Prov. 
Grauwacke,   junction    of  granite    and    limestone,  N.  Brown, 

North  Providence.! 
Grauwacke,  junction  with  granite,  Cranston. 
Grauwacke,  Cumberland  coal  mines. 


*At  this  point  in  the  manuscripts  are  inserted  the  analyses  of  13  specimens  of 
Rhode  Island  limestones.  With  one  exception,  these  are  apparently  included  in 
the  more  complete  table  of  18  specimens  printed  on  p.  246  of  Jackson's  Report; 
but  the  order  of  arrangement,  the  language,  and  in  some  cases  the  figures,  are 
different.  No.  3  in  the  printed  table  should  have  40.6  instead  of  46.6  insoluble 
matter;  and  there  are  various  other  differences. 

t  Johnston  in  manuscript  No.  1. 


Jackson's  catalogue.  63 

Grauwacke,  Pawtucket. 

Grauwacke,  Seekonk,  one  mile  from  Providence. 
Grauwacke,  passing  into  mica  slate,  North  Kingstown. 
Grauwacke.  suitable  for  the  quarry,  Pappoose-squaw's  Neck, 

Bristol. 
Grauwacke,  fine,  Miantonomah  Hill,  Newport. 
Grauwacke,  Louisquisset  Turnpike,  North  Providence. 
Grauwacke,  North  Providence. 
Grauwacke,  fine,  Wrentham. 
Grauwacke,  fine  red,  Mansfield. 
Grauwacke,  red,  Attleboro. 

Grauwacke,  indurated,  "W.  Razy's,  Cumberland. 
Grauwacke  Slate,  indurated,  Rumstick  Point,  Warren. 
Grauwacke  Slate,  near  Cranston  Bank. 
Grauwacke  Slate,  metamorphic,  North  Kingstown. 
Grauwacke  Slate,  metamorphic.  North  Providence. 
Grauwacke  Slate,  green,  Swanzey. 
Grauwacke  Slate,  Swanzey. 

Grauwacke  Slate,  Louisquisset  Turnpike,  North  Providence. 
Grauwacke  Slate,  Cumberland. 
Grauwacke  Slate,  Ezra  Blake's,  Cumberland. 
Grauwacke  Slate,  Hunting  Hill,  Cumberland. 
Grauwacke  Slate,  Fort  Adams,  Newport. 
Grauwacke  Slate,  altered,  Hunting  Hill,  Cumberland. 
Grauwacke  Slate,  containing   Yellow  Ochre,  shore  near  Fort 

Adams,  Newport. 
Grauwacke  Slate,  metamorphic.  Slate  Hill,  Johnston. 
Coarse  Conglomerate,  loose,  Bristol. 

Coarse  Conglomerate,  loose,  Pappoose-squaw's  Neck,  Bristol. 
Coarse  Conglomerate,  quartz  pebbles.  Purgatory,  Newport. 
Coarse  Conglomerate,  containing  numerous   small  crystals  of 

Magnetic  Iron  ore.  Purgatory,  Newport. 
Coarse  Conglomerate,  top  of  Miantonomah  Hill,  Newport. 
Coarse  Conglomerate,  Attleboro.* 

Anthracite,  Case's  mine,  Portsmouth,  3  per  cent,  ashes. 
Anthracite,  Kilkenny,  Ii-eland,  5  per  cent,  ashes. 

*  In  manuscript  No.  i,  only. 


64  GEOLOGY    OF    RHODE    ISLAND. 

Anthracite,  Portsmouth  refuse,  22  and  24  per  cent,  ashes. 
Anthracite,  Cumberland  coal  selected  by  Mr.  Mason,  15.4  per 

cent,  ashes. 
Anthracite,  Cumberland  coal  from  agent  of  the  mine,  31  per 

cent,  ashes. 
Anthracite,  well  near  Providence,  28  per  cent,  ashes. 
Anthracite,  second  bed,  Harden 's,  Mansfield. 
Anthracite,  first  bed,  Harden's,  Mansfield. 
Anthracite,  Skinner's  vein,  Mansfield. 

Anthracite,  containing  Asbestus,  Sockanosset  Hill,  Cranston. 
Anthracite,  Sockanosset  Hill,  Cranston. 
Anthracite,  Portsmouth. 
Anthracite,  Newport. 
Plumbago,  Tower  Hill,  Cumberland. 
Impressions  of  Ferns,  in  Carbonaceous  Slate,  Sockanosset  Hill, 

Cranston. 
Impressions  of  Ferns,  Portsmouth. 
Impressions  of  Ferns,  Newport  Neck. 
Impressions  of  Ferns,  P.  Church,  Bristol  Neck. 
Impressions  of  Ferns,  Durfee's  ledge,  Cranston. 
Impressions  of  Ferns,  Warwick  Neck. 
Impressions  of  Ferns,  Wrentham. 
Substitution  of  Calamites  by  Pyrites,  Cranston. 
Calamite,  Newport  Neck. 
Calamite,  Portsmouth  mine. 

Class  4.      Tertiary   Clays  and  Sands. 
[Not  filled  out.] 

Class  5.     Diluvium  .1  etc. 
Cumberland  Iron  Boulders  from  Pappoose-squaw's  Neck. 

Class  6.     Alluvium  and  Soils. 

[See  Tables,  Soils  of  Rhode  Island,  printed  in  Jackson's 
Report,  pp.  241-244.] 

[Also  Peats,  p.  245.] 


Jackson's  catalogue.  65 

List  of  Simple  Minerals. 

Sulphuret  of  MolyUdeuu,  Cumberland. 

Sulphuret  of  Molybdenu.  Cumberland  Hill. 

Argentiferous  Galena  and  Blende,  veins  in  talcose  slate,  or 
firestone,  Uxbridge. 

Copper  Pyrites,  old  copper  mine,  Cumberland,  two  large  and 
ricli  specimen.-^  in  magnetic  iron  ore. 

Copper  Pyrite.-;  in  hornblende  rock,  Cumbei'land. 

Copper  Pyrites,  old  copper  mine,  Cumberland. 

Copper  Pyrites  in  ([uartz.  Middle  rock,  Smithfield. 

Copper  Pyrites  iti  granular  limestone.  F.  Brown,  Cumberland. 

Carbonate  of  Copper  on  Iron  ore,  Cumberland. 

Carbonate  of  Copper,  Copper  Pyrites,  and  Hornblende.  Cum- 
berland. 

Iron  Pyrites,  coal  mines,  Cumberland. 

Iron  Pyrites,  crystallized,  in  a  nodule  of  argillaceous  iron  ore, 
Newport  Neck. 

Iron  Pyrites  in  slate,  Newport  Neck. 

Hematite,  stalactital,  Cumberland. 

Hematite,  compact,  Cumberland.  * 

Hematite,  botryoidal,  Cumberland. 

Hematite,  loose.  Rock  farm,  Newport. 

Botryoidal  Red  Hematite,  Aaron  White,  Cumberland. 

Brown  Hematite,  old  iron  mine,  Cranston. 

Bog  Iron  ore,  Bennett's,  Foster. 

Bog  Iron  ore,  Harris,  Cranston. 

Bog  Iron  ore,  Foster  Banking  Co. 

Bog  Iron  ore.  Potter's.  Providence. 

Bog  Iron  ore.  Block  Island. 

Yellow  Ochre,  Cumberland. 


XoTK.  It  will  be  seen  thut  tlie  distinction  between  rocks  and  minerals  is  not 
sharply  drawn  in  this  catalogue.  Kach  specimen  is  printed  in  the  class  in  whicti 
t)r.  Jackson  placed  it.  Simple  minerals  of  the  same  species  are  printed  together 
in  these  pages,  however,  for  convenience  of  reference.  In  both  of  the  manu- 
scripts they  are  not  arranged  by  either  species  or  localities.  The  order  of  ar- 
rangement of  the  simple  minerals  in  the  manuscripts  may  possibly  be  that  ol  col- 
lecting or  receiving  the  specimens. 


66  GEOLOGY    OF    RHODE    ISLAND. 

Magnetic  Iron,  octahedral  crystals  in  slate,  Johnston. 

Magnetic  Iron  ore,  granular,  Cumberland  Hill. 

Magnetic  Iron  ore,  granular,  Cumberland. 

Magnetic  Iron  ore,  granular,  containing  Copper  Pyrites,  Cum- 
berland Hill.* 

Magnetic  Iron  ore,  granular,  Mansville   (loose.) 

Iron  ore,  granular,  Cumberland. 

Iron  ore,  with  Asbestus,  W.  "Whipple,  Cumberland. 

Iron  ore,  containing  Carbonate  of  Lime,  Block  Island. 

Iron  stone.  Block  Island, 

Titaniferous  Magnetic  Iron  ore,  porphyritic,  Cumberland. 

Titaniferous  Magnetic  Iron  ore,  containing  Serpentine,  iron 
mine,  Cumberland. 

Titaniferous  Iron  ore,  Cumberland. 

Native  Copperas,  Newport  Neck. 

Copperas  Marl,  Newport  Neck. 

Black  oxide  of  Manganese,  iron  mine,  Cumberland. 

Fluor  Spar,  near  Diamond  Hill,  Cumberland. 

Gypsum  crystals  in  iron  ore,  from  pyrites,  Newport  Neck. 

Brown  Spar  in  talcose  rock,  Neutaconkanut  Hill. 

Brown  Spar  in  talcose  rock,  Smithfield. 

Milk  Quartz,  Mount  Hope,  Bristol. 

Milk  Quartz,  from  a  vein,  Smithfield. 

Crystallized  Quartz,  Cumberland. 

Smoky  Quartz  crystal,  Aaron  White. 

Quartz  Rock,  Diamond  Hill,  Cumberland. 

Granular  Quartz,  Woonsoeket  Hill. 

Quartz  crystals  in  Agate,  Diamond  Hill,  Cumberland. 

Druses  of  Quartz  crystals  in  Agate,  Diam.   Hill,  Cumberland. 

Druses  of  Quartz  crystals  on  Agate,  Cumberland. 

Large  mass  of  Agate  cavities  filled  with  crys.  of  Quartz,  Cumb. 

Agate,  Diamond  Hill,  Cumberland. 

Fortification  Agate,  Diamond  Hill,  Cumberland. 

Ribbon  Agate,  Diamond  Hill,  Cumberland. 

Calcedony,  Cumberland. 

Calcedony,  Diamond  Hill,  Cumberland. 

*In  manuscript  No.  1,  only. 


Jackson's  catalogue.  67 

Cacholong,  Diamond  Hill,  Cumberland. 

Prase,  Cumberland. 

Brown  Jasper,  Smithfield,  loose. 

Sahlite  on  Magnetic  Iron  ore,  Cumberland. 

Hornblende,  crystallized,  Cumberland. 

Hornblende,  R.  I.  mine,  Cranston.* 

Actinolite  penetrating  Quartz,  Cumberland. 

Ligneous  Actinolite  and  red  silicate  of  Manganese,  Cumb. 

Actinolite,  vein  in  silicate  of  Manganese,  Cumberland  Hill. 

Actinolite,  Brown's,  Johnston. 

Actinolite,  near  iron  mine,  Cranston. 

Radiated  Tremolite,  W.  AVhipple's,  serpentine  locality,  Cumb. 

Tremolite,  in  green  limestone,  F.  Brown,  Cumberland. 

Tremolite,  Smithfield. 

Tremolite,  Cumberland. 

Asbestus,  two  large  masses,  Smithfield. 

Asbestus,  in  carbonaceous  slate,  Bristol  Neck. 

Nephrite, t    rich    green,   on    limestone,    Middle    rock,   Harris 

quarry,  Smithfield. 
Nephrite,  large  mass,  yellow  green,  translucent,  Smithfield. 
Nephrite,  mixed  with  limestone,  Smithfield. 
Nephrite,  I.  Arnold,  Smithfield. 

Knebelite,  grey  silicate  of  Manganese  and  Iron,  Cumb.  Hill. 
Garnets  in  mica  slate,  loose,  Natic  factories. 
Epidote,  6  varieties,  Tower  Hill,  Cumberland. 
Epidote,  Newport  Neck. 
Epidote  in  Quartz,  Newport  Neck. 
Epidote,  Smithfield. 
Brown  Epidote,  Smithfield. 
Zoisite,  Cumberland. 

Zoisite,  a  beautiful  specimen,  Aaron  White,  Cumberland. 
Zoisite,  a  crystal,  Smitlifield. 
Black  Mica,  in  granite,   C.  Edwards.* 

Feldspar,    flesh-colored,   from  a  granite   vein  in  Potter's   Hill, 
Hopkinton. 

*  In  manuscript  No.  1,  only. 
t  Since  called  Bowenite. 


68  GEOLOGY     OK     RHODE     ISLAND. 

Green  Talc,  iron  mine,  Cumberland. 

Green  Talc,  Hrown's  quarry.  Johnston. 

Light  Talc,  near  Brown's  quarry.  Johnston. 

Green  Talc,  Johnston. 

Silvery  Talc,  Harris  quarries,  Smithfield. 

Green  Talc,   Smithfield. 

Soapstone  rock,  from  wall  2  miles  from  Cuml)erlaiid  Hill. 

Chlorite  in  protogine,  Cumberland. 

Chlorite,  Smithiield. 

Chlorite,  2  miles  from  Cumberland  towards  Smithfield. 

Chlorite  in  limestone,  North  Providence. 

Chlorite  rock.  Brown's,  Johnston. 

Chlorite  rock,  Capt.  Jenkes,  Smithfield. 

Masonite,  Natic  factories,  Warwick. 

The  set  of  Rhode  Island  rocks  and  minerals  preserved  by 
the  PVanklin  Society  is  the  only  one  of  the  three  sets  men- 
tioned by  Dr.  Jackson  which  we  have  been  able  to  find  ;  neither 
have  we  been  able  to  find  any  other  copy  of  Jackson's  cata- 
logue than  the  two  now  in  the  possession  of  the  Franklin 
Society. 

III.     Catalogue  of  Fossils  Found  in  Rhode  Island. 
Carboniferous  Flora  of  Rhode  Island. 

FiUcace(x.      (Ftms.) 

Sphenopteris  frnciformis,  Lesqx.,  a  new  species,  described 
in  the  American  Naturalist,  vol.  18,  p.  922. 

Sphenopteris  pseudo-Murrayanai  Lesqx.,  described  pp. 
271-2,  P.      \_Pecopteris  3Iurrayava,  111.  Report  of  Lesqx.] 

Sphenopteris  Gravenhorstii,*  Brgt.,  described  pp.  274-5  and 

*  S.  Didiiiissonis  f  IJrgt.,  descr.  p.  ;^r5,  P.;  fig.  by  Tescli,  pi.  35,  6,  as  found  in 
the  Narragansett  basin.  Lesci-x.,  in  P.,  says  the  only  specimen  seen  by  him  may 
represent  .S'.  Gravenhorstii ;  but  does  not  give  it  as  found  in  Rhode  Island. 

Note.  This  list  of  fossils,  so  far  as  the  plants  are  concerned,  is  mainly  copied 
from  the  one  published  by  Leo  Lesquereux  in  the  American  Naturalist  in  1884; 
vol.  18,  pp.  921-923.  He  there  gives  eighty-eight  species,  of  which  fifty-six  are 
ferns.  Three  other  species  of  ferns,  Dictyopteris  ohliqva,  Alethopteris  aqiiilina 
and  .^.  .9?^//*,  though  not   included  in   the   American   Naturalist   list,  are  else- 


JPLATM  IIo 


Fig.  I  —  Callipteridiiim,  new  species,  or  variety  of  Alethopteris  uro- 
Fig.  2 — Sphenopteris fruciformis,  Lesqx.    fX'/^  ) 


CATALOGUE    OF    FOSSILS.  69 

763-4,  P.  ;  figured  plate  ci,  figures  1-16,  P.  Also  fig.  by 
Tesch.,  pi.  35,  fig.  g. 

Sphenopteris  rh(erophyUoides^(Brgt.)  St.,  descr.pp.  270-1,  P. 

Sphenopteris  cristata,  St.,  descr.  pp.  273-4  and  761-2,  P.  ; 
fig.  pi.  cii,  1,  la,  and  civ,  5,  oa,  P. 

Sphenopteris  Salishuryi,  a  new  species,  from  Mansfield, 
owned  by  Charles  M.  Salisbury.  Examined  and  named  by 
Lesquereux,  in  May,  1887  ;  described  by  him  as  follows  : — 

"Frond  tri-polypinnately  divided  ;  secondary  pinna- lanceo- 
late ;  ultimate  pinnii^  short,  linear-lanceolate,  composed  of 
alternate,  oblique,  small,  globose  or  ovate  indusia  of  fructifica- 
tioffis  in  five  pairs  and  a  terminal  single  one,  upon  each  pinna, 
joined  to  the  rachis  by  short,  oblique,  filiform  pedicels. 

where  given  by  Lesquereux  as  found  in  Rhode  Island.  (See  pp.  147,  xxxv,  807-8, 
P.)  Any  species  not  otherwise  marked,  therefore,  is  given  on  the  authority  of 
Lesquereux. 

The  species  marked  [E.  F.  C.]  were  published  by  Edgar  F.  Clark  in  the  Pro- 
ceedings of  The  Newport  Natural  History  Society,  ISS-"?,  Document  2,  pp.  11,  12; 
but  are  not  published  in  the  three  Rhode  Island  lists  of  Lesquereux.  Two 
species  there  given  are  here  omitted  as  doubtful,  by  Mr.  f'lark.  Clark  also 
gives  Dicti/opteris  obliqua  and  many  others  which  are  included  in  the  Lesque- 
reux lists;  but  he  does  noX  gi\e  Xh*i  Alethopteris  species.  We  have  seen  the 
latter  ascribed  to  Rhode  Island  only  on  page  867,  P. 

The  species  marked  [C.  H.  H.J  were  publislied  by  C.  H.  Hitchcock  in  the  Pro- 
ceedings of  the  American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  vol.  14, 
1860  [see  pp.  18-20  of  this  report],  as  named  by  Lesquereux;  but  are  not  found 
in  the  later  Rhode  Island  lists  of  Lesquereux. 

The  species  marked  ['87.]  have  not  before  been  published  as  found  in  Rliode 
Island.  The  specimens  to  which  these  names  are  given  have  all  been  examined 
and  labeled  by  Lesquereux,  most  of  them  in  May,  1887. 

So  far  as  the  carboniferous  flora  is  concerned,  no  attempt  is  made  to  distinguish 
between  the  coal  lieMs  of  Rhode  Island  and  Massachusetts.  E.  Hitchcock,  in  the 
Massachusetts  Report,  1841,  gives  drawings  of  Xeuropteris,  Sphenopteris,  Pecop- 
teris,  Calamites,  AsteropliylUtes,  Sphenophyllum,  Annularia,  Stigmaria,  etc. ;  but 
without  specific  names. 

The  references  to  descriptions,  ligures,  and  lists,  marked  P.,  are  to  the  Pennsyl- 
vania Report  of  Lesquereux  described  on  pages  40,  41  of  this  report.  Those 
marked  Tesch.  are  to  the  Boston  Journal  of  Natural  History,  1846,  vol.  5,  pp. 
370-.385 . 

The  abbreviations  for  authorities  are  as  follows  :— 

Brgt.,  Bronguiart.  LI.  &  Hutt.,  Lindley  and  Hutton. 

Bunb'y.  Bunbury.  Newb'y,  Newberry. 

Gein.,  Geinitz.  Roera.,  Roemer. 

Germ.,  Germar.  Schloth.,  Schlotheim. 

Goepp.,  Goeppert.  Scbp.,  Schimper. 

Gutb.,  Gutbier.  Scud.,  Scudder. 

Hoffm.,  Hoffman.  St.,  Sternberg. 

Lesqx.,  Lesijuereux.  Tesch.,  Teschemacher. 


70  GEOLOGY     OF     RHODE     ISLAND. 

"  The  species  is  closely  related  to  Splievopteris  Crepini, 
Zeiller,  "  Fl.  Foss.  du  bassin  houiller  de  Valenciennes,"  of 
which  work  the  atlas  only  is  yet  published  ;  differing  by  the 
globose  indusia  smaller,  more  proximate,  regularly  alternate 
upon  each  pinnule.  Tiie  piimules  are  also  close,  at  equal 
distance,  slightly  oblique,  regularly  alternate  upon  a  narrow, 
flat  rachis,  which,  like  the  involucres  or  indusia,  is  covered  by 
short  woolly  filaments.  The  surface  of  the  indusia  is  obscured 
by  these  filaments,  which  may  be  fragments  of  scales  or  invo- 
lucres. The  plant  is  also  comparable  to  Sphenopteris  delicahda, 
St.,  as  illustrated,  with  its  fructifications,  by  Kidston,  Quarter. 
Journ.  of  the  Geol.  Soc.  of  London,  1884,  PL  xxv,  f.  2,  a 
fragment  showing  the  fructifications  in  early  stage. 

•••The  species  is  very  interesting,  and,  if  published,  should 
be  carefully  figured." 

Sphenopteris  mecliaiia,  Lesqx.,  descr.  p.  271,  P.  Specific 
name  ivtermedia  used  by  Lesqx.  in  1858,  but  changed  to  medi- 
ana  in  Report  P.      [C.  H.  H.  and  E.  F.  C] 

Splienopteris  {HymenophyUites)  elegans,  Brgt.,  descr.  pp. 
287-8,  P.  ;  fig.  pi.  Iv,  6,  Ga,  P. 

Sphenopteris  (Hymen.)  Hoeninghaiisii,  Brgt.,  descr.  pp. 
288-290,  P. ;  fig.  pi.  Iv,  5,  5a,  P. 

Sphenopteris  (Hymen.*)  tridactylifes,  Brgt.,  descr.  pp. 
284-286,  P. ;  fig.  pi.  Iv,  8,  9?>,  P. 

Spehenopteris  or  Eremoptcris  species,  apparently  new.     Too 
small  for  a    satisfactory    diagnosis ;  like   Sphenopteris    Geikii, 
Kidston.     E.  F.  Clark,  from  Middletown.  ['87.] 
Neuropferis  cordata,-f  Brgt.,  descr.  pp.  91-2,  P. 
Neuropteris   hirsufa,   Lesqx.,   descr.   pp.    88-9,  P.  ;  fig.  pi. 
viii,  1,  4,  5,  7,  9,  12,  P. 

Neuropteris  Ar/assizi,  Lesqx.,  descr.  pp.  117-8,  P.  ;  fig.  pi. 
xvii,  1-4,  P.      Also  fig.  by  Tesch.,  pi.  .34. 


*  Hi/meiiopJiyllites,  mentioned  by  E.  F.  C,  is  given  as  a  subgenus  of  both  Rhac- 
ophi/lhim  and  Splienopieris,  by  Lesqx.,  in  Report  P.;  but  not  as  a  separate  genus. 

tJacl<son   figures  a  species  wliich  he  calls  X.  Scheuchr:eri,  Brgt.    Lesquereux 
considers  N.  Schevchzeri  a  form  of  A',  cordata. 


PLATE  IIIo 


Fii;.  I — Spheiwpteris  Salisburyi,  Lesqx. 
Fig.  2— ''Money  Sloner   ( %.\i') 


FROM    PHOTOGRAPHS    BY    R.   L.   P.   MASON. 


CATALOGUE    OF    FOSSILS.  71 

Neuropteris  crenulata?,  Brgt.,  descr.  pp.  116-7,  P.  ;  fig.  pi. 
xvi,  9-11  ft,  P.  A  specimen  found  by  D.  W.  Hoyt,  in  Provi- 
dence, in  1887,  was  labeled  by  Lesqx.  without  the  interroga- 
tion. 

Neuropteris  Desorii,  Lesqx.,  descr.  pp.  112-3,  P.  ;  fig.  pi. 
xiv,  1-7  and  xv,  1,  P. 

Neuropteris  Germari,  Goepp.,  descr.  pp.  113-115,  P.  ;  fig. 
pi.  xviii,  3-5,  P. 

Neuropteris  heterophylla,  Brgt.,  given  under  N.  angustifoUa, 
Brgt.,  by  Lesqx.,  in  P.,  which  latter  is  descr.  pp.  89-91  and 
734,  P.  ;  fig.  pi.  viii,  2,  3,  6,  8,  10,  11,  P.  Tesch.  gives 
both  N.  aiujustifoUa  and  N.  heterophylla  as  found  at  Mansfield. 

Neuropteris  temnfoUa^*  Brgt.,  descr.  pp.  100-102,  P.  ;  fig. 
pi.  xii,  1?,  2-9,  P. 

Neuropteris  trichomanoides,  Brgt.,  descr.  pp.  79-80,  P.  ; 
fig.  pi.  iv,  4,  P.     Brown  Univ.,  from  Pawtucket.  ['87.] 

Neuropteris  vermicularis,  Lesqx.,  descr.  pp.  99-100,  P.  ; 
fig.  pi.  X,  5-10,  P.     [E.  F.  C] 

Neuropteris  plicata^  St.,  descr.  pp.  96-7,  P.  ;  fig.  pi.  x, 
1-4,  P.     [E.  F.  C] 

Neuropferis  fimhriata,  Lesqx.,  descr.  pp.  81-2,  P.  ;  fig.  pi.  v, 
1-6,  P.  [E.  F.  C]  Called  Oydopteris  fimhriata  by  Lesqx., 
in  1858. 

Neuropteris  Clarksoni,  Lesqx.,  descr.  pp.  94-5,  P.  ;  fig.  pi. 
ix,  1-6,  P.  [E.  F.  C]  Also  found  by  D.  W.  Hoyt,  in 
Providence,  in  1887. 

Neuropteris  Loschii,  Brgt.,  descr.  pp.  98-9  P.  ;  fig.  pi. 
xi,   1-4.      [C.  H.  H.  and  E.  F.  C] 

Cyclop^eris  species,  put  under  Neuropteris   by  Lesqx.,  in  P. 

Dictyopteris  Sclieuchzeri^  HoflFm.,  descr.  p.  832,  P.  ;  figured 
by  Roehl. 

Dictyopteris  obliqria,  Bunb'y,  descr.  pp.  146-7,  P.  ;  fig.  pi. 
xxiii,  4-6,  P. 

*  Neuropteris  flexuosa,  Brgt.,  given  by  Tesch.  and  C.  H.  H.,  is  put  under  JV. 
plicata  unA  N.  tenuifolia,  hy  Leifi^.,  in  Report  V.,  tliough  N.  flexuosa  via.i  used 
by  liim  in  1S58. 


72  GEOLOGY     OF     RHODE     ISLAND. 

Gallipteridium,  new  species,  or  variety  of  Alethopteris  uro- 
phylla,  Brgt.,  descr.  Am.  Naturalist,  vol.  18,  p.  922. 

Alethopteris  aquilina,  Schloth. — Schp. — Lesqx.,  descr.  pp. 
181-2,  P. 

Alethopteris  Serlii,  Brgt. — Goepp.,  descr.  pp.  176-7,  P.  ;  fig. 
pi.  xxix,  ]-o,  P.  Also  probably  fig.  by  Jackson  as  Pecopteris 
SerUi,  pi.  iii,  6  ;  and  by  Tesch.,  pi.  35,  a,a. 

Alethopteris  Pennsijlvanica,  Lesqx.,  descr.  p.  181,  P.  ;  fie. 
Geol.  Penn.,  1858,  pi.  xi,  f.  1,  2.      [C  H.  H.] 

Odontopteris  alpina^  Gein.,  descr.  pp.  126-7,  P.  ;  fig.  pi. 
xix,  1-5,  P. 

Odontopteris  obtusa,  Brgt.  Specimen  in  Brown  University 
cabinet,  from  Warwick.  ['87.]  0.  ohtusa  is  put  under  0. 
alpina^  and  not  described  as  a  separate  species,  in  P. 

Odontopteris  alata^  Lesqx.,  descr.  pp.  131-2,  P.  ;  fig.  pi. 
xxi,  1,  P. 

Odontopteris  Brnrdii,  Brgt.,  descr.  pp.  132-3,  P.  ;  fig.  pi. 
xxi,  2,  P.     Also  descr.  and  fig.  by  Tesch.,  pp.  382-3,  pi.  33. 

Odontopteris  deformata,  Lesqx.,  descr.  pp.  141-2  and  743, 
P.  ;  fig.  pi.  xcvii,  5,  P. 

Odontopteris  neuropteroides,  Newb'y — Roem.,  descr.  p.  740, 
P.  ;  fig.  pi.  xcvii,  1-3,  P. 

Odontopteris  patens,  Lesqx.,  descr.  pp.  740-1,  P.;  fig.  pi. 
xcvii,  7,  P. 

Odontopteris  Schlotheimii,  Brgt.,  descr.  pp.  136-7,  P.  ; 
fig.  pi.  XX,  1,  2,  P.      [E.  F.  C] 

Odontopteris  species,  apparently  new.  Too  small  for  diag- 
nosis and  determination.  D.  W.  Hoyt,  from  Providence. 
['87.] 

Pecopteris  polymorpha,  Brgt.,  pp.  247-8,  P. 

Pecopteris  acuta,  Brgt.,  descr.  pp.   241-2,  P. 

Pecopteris  abhreviataf,  Brgt.,  descr.  pp.  248-9,  P.  ;  fig.  pi. 
xlvi,  4-6a,  P. 

Pecopteris  cyathea,  Brgt.,  p.  231,  P.  ;  fig.  by  Tesch.,  pi.  36. 
f,  and  by  Jackson,  pi.  iv,  9. 


CATALOGUE    OF    FOSSILS.  73 

Pecopferis  Miltoni,  Brgt.,  descr.  p.  247,  P.  ;  fig.  pi.  xli,  9, 
9a,  P. 

Pecopteris  oreopteridis,*  (Schloth.)  Brgt.,  descr.  pp.  238-9, 
P.  ;  fig.  pi.  xli,  8,  8a,  P. 

Pecopteris  Cistii,*  Brgt.,  descr.  pp.  243-4,  P.  ;  fig.  xli,  4, 
4a,  P.      [Tesch.,  only,  at  Mansfield.] 

Pecopferis  Bucklaiidi,*  Brgt.,  descr.  pp.  244-5,  P.  ;  fig.  by 
Jackson,  pi.  ii,  3.      [Jackson,  only.] 

Pecopteris  Candolliana^-f  Bi'gt. ,  descr.  p.  243,  P. 

Pecopteris  de?itata,  Brgt.,  descr.  pp.  240-1,  P.  ;  fig.  pi.  xliv, 
4,  4a,  P. 

Pecojiteris  arborescens,  (Schloth.)  Brgt.,  descr.  pp.  230-232, 
P.  ;    fig.  pi.  xli,  6-76,  P.     Also  fig.  by  Jackson,  pi.  i,  1. 

Pecopteris  aspidioides,   Brgt.,  descr.  p.  756,  P. 

Pecopferis  Clarkii,  Lesqx.,  descr.  ])p.  261-2,  P;  fig.  pi.  xli, 
10,  10a,  P. 

Pecopteris  erosa,  Gutb.,  descr.  pp.    255-6,  P.  ;  fig.  pi.  xliv, 

1,  la,  3,  P. 

Pecopteris pennceforviis,  Brgt.,  descr.  pp.  239-40,  P.  ;  fig.  pi. 
xlv,  l-2a,  P. 

Pecopteris  platyrachis,  Brgt.,  descr.  pp.  232-3,  P.  ;  fig.  pi. 
xli,  5,  5a,  P. 

Pecopteris  (juadratifolia,  Lesqx.,  descr.  pp.  234  and  756-7, 
P.;  fig.pl.  c,  1,  2,  P. 

Pecopferis   cristafa,   Gutb.,  descr.  p.   256,  P.  ;  fig.  pi.  xliv, 

2,  2a,  P.     Specimens  in  Brown  University  cabinet,  from  "War- 
wick. ['87.] 

Pecopteris  villosa,  Brgt.,  descr.  pp.  253-255,  P.  Rachis 
and  pinna,  E.  F.  Clark,  from  Bristol.  ['87.] 

Pecopteris  (Goniopteris)  unita^  Brgt.,  descr.  pp.  223-225, 
P.  ;  fig.  pi.  xl,  1-7/),  P.     Also  fig.  by  Jackson,  pi  ii,  4. 

*  These  three  species  are  said  by  Lesqx.  to  be  closely  allied,  and  difficult 
to  separate,  especially  in  specimens  from  Rhode  Island  coal,  where  the  nervation 
of  small  fragments  of  ferns  is  rarely  distinct. 

t  Pecopteris  nffinia,  Brgt.,  given  by  C.  H.  H.  and  E.  F.  C,  is  put  under  P.  Can- 
dolliana,  by  Lesqx.,  in  Report  P.  P.  offinis,  labeled  by  Lesqx.,  is  also  found  in 
Brown  University  cabinet,  from  Warwick. 


74  GEOLOGY     OF     RHODE     ISLAND. 

Pecopteris  {Goniopteris)  emarginata,  Goepp.,  deser.  pp, 
225-6,  P.  ;  fijf.  pi.  xxxix,  11,  P.  Specimens  in  Brown  Uni- 
versity cabinet,  from  Warwick.  ['87.] 

Pecopteris  (Goniopteris)  arguta,  Brgt.,  descr.  pp.  227-8, 
P.  ;  fig.  pi.  xli,  2-3a,  P. 

Pecopteris  (Goniopteris)  longifolia,  Brgt.,  descr.  p.  226,  P.  ; 
fig.  by  Tesch.  pi.  36,  c.  [Given  only  by  Tesch.,  as  from  Ports- 
mouth, R.  I.]    Lesqx.  says  "  very  rarely  found." 

Pseudopecopteris*  cordato-ovata,-f  (Weiss)  Lesqx.,  descr. 
pp.  205-6,  P.  ;  fig.  pi.  xxxvii,  4,  5,  P. 

Pseudopecopteris  nervosa^X  (Brgt.)  Lesqx.,  descr.  pp.  197-8, 
P.  ;  fig.  pi.  xxxiv,  1-3,  P. 

Pseudopecopteris  dimorpha,  Lesqx.,  descr.  pp.  201  and  750-1, 
P.  ;  fig.  pi.  XXXV,  1-6  and  xcviii,  4.  4a,  P. 

Pseudopecopteris  Phic]cneti,§  (Brgt.)  Lesqx.,  deser.  pp.  199- 
201,  P.  ;  fig.  pi.  xxxiv,  4,  4a,  and  xxxv,  7,  7a,  P. 

Pseudopecopteris  anceps,  Lesqx.,  descr.  pp.  207-8,  P.  ;  fig. 
pi.  xxxviii,  1-4,  P. 

Pseudopecopteris  muricata,  (Brgt.)  Lesqx.,  descr.  pp.  203- 
205,  P.  ;  fig.  pi.  xxxvii,  2-2?*,  P.  Given  as  Pecopteris  muri- 
cata,  Brgt.,  by  Tesch. 

Pseudopecopteris  spinulosa,  Lesqx.,  descr.  pp.  195-6,  P.  ; 
fig.  pi.  Ivi,  1,  la,  P. 

*  A  number  of  species  described  by  Brongniart  and  otlier  authors  as  Pecopteris, 
Sphenopteris,  or  Alethopteris,  have,  on  account  of  their  peculiar  characters,  been 
separated  by  Lesquereux,  in  his  later  works,  under  the  name  of  Pseudopecopteris . 
See  P.,  pp.  1S9-190. 

t Lesquereux  states,  in  P.,  that  he  was  formerly  disposed  to  consider  the 
Wilkesbarre  plant  named  P.  cordato-ovata,  as  Pecopteris  Loschii,  Brgt.  Tesch. 
gives  Pecopteris  Loschii,  Brgt.,  among  those  found  at  Mansfield. 

Teschemacher  also  gives  Pecopteris  horealis,  Brgt.,  and  Pecopteris  gigantea, 
Brgt.,  as  found  at  Mansfield ;  but  Lesqx.  does  not  mention  theui  in  P.  as  found  in 
the  United  States. 

XPecopteris  neri'osa,'iiTg\.,  g\\Gn  byC.  H.  H.  and  E.  F.  C;  and  Alethopteris 
nervosa,  given  by  C.  H.  H.;  are  put  under  Pseudopecopteris  nervosa  by  Lesqx., 
in  Report  P. 

^Alethopteris  Pluckneti,  Gein.,  given  by  C.  H.  H.  and  E.  F.  C,  and  Pecopteris 
Pluckneti,  Brgt.,  are  put  under  Pseudopecopteris  Plvckneti  by  Lesqx.,  in  Report  P. 


CATALOGUE    OF    FOSSILS.  75 

Fseudopecopteris  ahbreviata,  Lesqx.,  descr.  p.  203,  P.  ;  fig. 
Geol.  Penn.,  1858,  pi.  ix,  f.  1,  16.  [C.  H.  H.]  Called  Sphe- 
nopieris  ahbreviatahy  Lesqx.  in  1858,  and  so  given   by  Hitch. 

Pscudopecopteris  irregularis,  St.,  desr.  pp.  211-212,  P.  ; 
fig.  pi.  Hi,  1-36,  8,  P.  Pinnules,  C.  M.  Salisbury,  from 
Mansfield.  ['87.] 

RhacopthyUum  ajfine,  Lesqx.,  p.  319,  P. 

Rhacophylhim*  Clarkii,  Lesqx.,  descr.  pp.  319-20,  P.  ;  fig, 
pi.  Ivii,  5,  P. 

Bhacophyllum  fill  forme,  (Gutb.)  Lesqx.,  descr.  p.  838,  P. 

RhacophyllumfiUciforme,  (Gutb.)  Schp.,  descr.  pp.  316-7,  P. 

Rhacophylluvi  fimbriatum,  Lesqx.,  descr.  pp.  318-9,  P. 

Rhacophyllum  liirsutum,  var.  affine,  Lesqx.,  descr.  p.  318, 
P.  ;  fig.  pi.  Ivii,  2,  P. 

Rhacophyllum  corallinum,  Lesqx.,  descr.  p.  317,  P.  ;  fig.  pi. 
Ivii,  4,  4a,  P.    [E.  F.  C] 

RhacophyUutn  adnascevs,  LI.  &  Hutt.,  descr.  pp.  321-2,  P.  ; 
fig.  pi.  Ivii,  9-11,  P.     C.  M.  Salisbury,  from  Mansfield.  ['87.] 

Noegjerathia  species.  [E.  F.  C]  Lesqx.  used  this  name  for 
a  genus  in  1858,  but  in  Report  P.  has  substituted  Archceopteris 
for  it. 

Rhachiopteris  species. — Rachis  of  fern,  genus  descr.  p.  331,  P. 

Calaviarieo'. 

CaJamites  Suckowii,  Brgt.,  var.  nodosus,  St.,  descr.  pp.  20- 
1,  P.  ;  fig.  pi.  i,  3,  4,  P.      A  fine  specimen. 

Calamites  apjjroxiiyiatus,  Schloth.,  descr.  pp.  26-7,  P.  ;  fig. 
pi.  i,  5,  P.     A  twisted  fragment. 

Calamites  rajrtosiis,  Brgt.,  descr.  pp.  22-3  and  702-3,  P.  ; 
fig.  pi.  i,  2  and  xcii,  1,  4,  P.      Crushed  branches. 

Calamites  Cistii,  Brgt.,  descr.  p.  27,  P.  ;  fig.  pi.  i,  6.  P. 

Calamites  cannceformis,  Schloth.,  descr.  pp.  24-5,  P.;  fig. 
pi.  i,  1,  P.      [E.  F.  C] 

*Aphlebia,  given  by  C.  H.  H.,  is  put  under  Rhacophyllum,  by  Lesqx.,  in  Report  P. 


76  GEOLOGY    OF    RHODE    ISLAND. 

Bornia  radiata,  (Brgt.)  Schp.,  descr.  pp.  30-1  and  706- 
708,  P.  ;  tig.  pi.  xci,  o,  and  xciii,  2,  P.      [E.  F.  C] 

Asterophyllites  suhlaivis,  Lesqx.,  descr.  p.  38,  P.  ;  Hg.  Geol. 
Penn.,  1858,  pi.  i,  f.  3. 

Asterophyllites  equiseti/orniis,  Brgt.,  descr.  pp.  35-(),  P.  ;  fig. 
pi.  ii,  3,  3a,  P. 

Asterophyllites  grandis,  St.,  descr.  p.  41,  P. 

Asterophyllites  rigidus^  Gein.,  descr.  p.  37,  P. 

Asterophyllites  foliosiis^  LI.  &  Hutt.,  descr.  pp.  38-41,  P. 
Brown  Univ.  and  E.  F.  Clark,  from  Bristol  and  Middletown. 
['87.] 

Asterophyllites  longifolius^  Brgt.  ;  descr.  pp.  36-7,  P.  E. 
F.  Clark,  from  Sachuest  Point.  ['87.] 

Annularia  longifolia,*  Brgt.,  descr,  pp.  45-47,  P.  ;  fig.  pi. 
ii,  l-2aa,  and  pi.  iii,  10,  12,  P.     A  large  form. 

Annularia  calamitoides,  Schp.,  descr.  p.  48,  P. 

Annularia  injlata,  Lesqx.,  descr,  pp.  47-8,  P.  ;  fig.  pi.  ii, 
2h,  2hb,  P. 

Annularia  sphenophylloides,-\  Gutb.,  descr.  pp.  48-9  and 
724  ;  fig.  pi.  ii,  8,  9,  and  iii,  13,   P. 

Spjhenopjhylluin    oblongifolium^  Germ.,    descr,    pp.   57-8,  P. 

Sphenophyllum  Schlotheimii,  Brgt.,  descr.  pp.  52-3,  P.  ;  fig. 
pi.  ii.  6,  7,  P. 

Sphenophyllum  eniarginatum,l  Brgt.,  descr.  p.  53,  P. 

Sphenophyllnm  Jiliculme,  Lesqx.,  descr.  pp.  58-9,  P. 

Sphenophyllum  longifoliuni^  Germ.,  descr.  pp.  53-4  and 
726,  P.  ;  fig.  pi.  xci,  6,  P. 

*Annularin  fertUia,  St.,  given  by  C.  H.  H.,is  put  undent.  toHf/i/oZtn,  by  Lesqx., 
in  Report  P. 

Jackson's  pi.  vi,  11,  named  Asterophyllites,  seems  to  be  Annularia;  and  his  pi. 
ni,7,ndmed  Equisetnm,  seems  tohe  Asterophyllites.  Ihe  Annularia  were  proba- 
bly water  plants, and  tlie  Asterophyllites  are  supposed  to  be  branches  of  Calaniites. 

^Annularia  brerifolia,  Brgt.,  given  by  E.  F.  C,  is  patmider  A. sphenophylloides 
by  Lesqx.,  in  Report  P. 

tTeschemacher  also  gives  -S*.  truncatum,  Brgt.,  and  .S'.  dentatutn,  Brgt.,  as  found 
at  Mansfield.  The  latter  is  given  under  S.  trosiim,  LI.  &  Hutt.,  by  Lesqx. ;  descr. 
p.  55,  P.  Lesquereux  states  that  the  former  is  no  species  of  Brongnlart,  and  has 
not  been  mentioned  by  any  author  but  Teschemacher. 


CATALOGUE    OF    FOSSILS.  77 

SphenophylluDi  bifurcatiim,  Lesqx.,  descr.  pp.  55-6,  P.  ; 
fig.  pi.  ii,  10,  lOn,  P.      [E.  F.  C] 

Calamostachys  ovrdia,  Lesqx.,  descr.  pp.  717-8,  P.  ;  fig.  pi. 
Ixxxix,  3,  4  ;  fruiting  spikes  of  Asterophyllites.  E.  Fr  Clark, 
from  Bristol.  ['87. J 

C'ala)nostacln/s  pnelonynii,  Les(ix.,  descr.  pp.  59-60.  P. 
[E.  F.  C]  These  spikes  were  afterwards  named  Volkmniinia 
privlonga  by  Lesqx.,  p.  720,  P. 

Macrostachya  lavceolota,  Lesijx.,  descr.  pp.  721-2,  P.  C. 
H.  Hitchcock  gives  Asterophyllites  lanceolata  as  occurring  at 
Wrentham,  Mass.  Lesqx.  described  a  spike  m  1858  as  A. 
Ia7icenlatns,  which  is  put  under  A.  foliosus,  p.  38,  P.  ;  but  after- 
wards under  31.  Icniceolata,  as  above.  Lesqx,  does  not  give 
these  spikes  in  his  R.  I.  list ;  but  Hitchcock's  specimen  was 
named  by  him  in  1860. 

Li/copodiacece. 

Lepidodendron  longifoliuvi,  Brgt.,  descr.  pp.  373-4,  P. 
Tuft  of  leaves. 

Lepidodendro)!   dicJiofovmm,  St. — Leaves    descr.  pp.  384-5. 

Lepidodendron  (Bergeria)  qnadratum,  St.,  descr.  pp.  382-3, 
P.  ;  fig.  pi.  Ixiv,  18,  P.? 

Lepidodendroii  (icideatum.,  St.,  descr.  pp.  371-2,  P.  ;  fig.  pi. 
Ixiv,  1,  P. 

Lepidophyllum*  lanceolatioit,  Brgt.,  and  Lepidostrohus  lan- 
ceolatus,  descr.  pp.  436-7,  P.  ;  fig.  pi.  ixix,  38,  P. 

Lepidophylhim  fallax,  Lesqx.,  descr.  p.  786,  P.  ;  fig.  pi. 
cvii,  4,  5,  P. 

Lepidophyllinn  liastatuvi,  Lesqx.,  nud  Lepidostrohus  Jiastatus, 
Lesqx.,  descr.  pp.  438-9,  P.  ;  fig.  pi.  Ixix,  27,  28,  P. 

LepidophyUuvi  majus,  Brgt. — Lesqx.,  descr.  p.  449,  P. 

Lepidophylhim  ohlongifoliuin^  Lesqx.,  and  Lepidostrohus 
ohln7}gifolins,  Lesqx.,  descr.  pp.  437-8,  P.  ;  fig.  pi.  Ixix,  29, 
P. 

*  Lepidophi/Uum  species  represent  blades  or  bracts  of  Lepidostrohus, 


78  GEOLOGY    OF    KHODE    ISLAND. 

Lepidophylluni  Stantoni.,  Lesqx. 

Lepidophylluia  tumiduiii,  Lesqx.,  descr.  pp.  448  and  788, 
P.;  fig.  pi.  cvii,  12,  P. 

Sigiliaria  rcni/orniis,  Brgt.,  descr.  pp.  o01-"2,  P.  ;  fig.  pi. 
Ixx,  5-9,  P.     [E.  F.  C] 

Sigiliaria  laevigata,  Brgt.,  descr.  pp.  500-1,  P.;  fig.  pl. 
Ixxi,  1-3,  P.     E.  F.  Clark,  from  Newport.  ['87.] 

Sigiliaria  mammillaris,  Brgt.,  descr.  .pp.  483-485  and  799, 
P.  ;  fig.  pl.  Ixxii,  5,  6  and  cviii,  6,  P.  E.  F.  Clark,  from 
Middletown.  ['87.] 

Stigmaria  ficoides,  Brgt. — Goepp.,  descr.  pp.  514-516,  P.  ; 
fig.  pl.  Ixxiv,  1-4,  P.  Leaves  obliquelj  crossing  clay,  and 
specimens  of  other  leaves. 

Spirangium  muHiplicatum,  Lesqx.,  descr.  pp.  520-1,  P.  ;  fig. 
pl,  Ixxv,  11,  P.      [E.  F.  C] 

Pinmdaria,  LI.  &  Hutt ;  rootlet.  C.  M.  Salisbury,  from 
East  Providence.  ['87.] 

Cordaitece. 

Cordaites  borassif alius,  (St.)  Unger,  descr.  pp.  532-3,  P.  ; 
fig.  pl.  Ixxvi,  3,  3b,  P. 

Cordaites  diver  si folius,  Lesqx.,  descr.  pp.  535-6,  P.  ;  fig.  pl. 
Ixxvii,  3,  3a,  P. 

Cordaites  serpens,  Lesqx.,  descr.  pp.  542-3,  P.  ;  fig.  pl.  Ixxix, 
1-4,  P.     [E.  F.  C] 

Cordaites  costatusf  Lesqx.,  descr.  p.  540-1,  P.;  fig.  pl. 
Ixxx,  1-3,  and  Ixxxvi,  1,  2,  P.  E.  F.  Clark,  from  Bristol. 
['87.]     Not  certain,  nerves  obsolete. 

Fruits  or   Seeds. 

Rhabdocarpus  vudtistriatiis,  (St.)  Presl,  descr.  p.  578,  P.  ; 
fig.  pl.  Ixxxv,  22,  23,  P.     E.  F.  Clark,  from  Newport.  ['87.] 

Rhabdocarpus  davatus,  (St.)  Gein.,  descr.  p.  581,  P. ;  fig. 
pl.  Ixxxv,  14,  20,  P.     E.  F.  Clark,  from  Bristol.  ['87.] 

Trigonocarpus  species,  a  genus  of  fruit,  descr.  pp.  584-593 
and  819-823,  P.      [C.  H.  H.] 


CATALOGUE  OF  MINERALS.  79 

3Iarvne  Plant. 

Palceophijcus  Milleri,  Lesqx.,  descr.  p.  10,  P.  ;  fig.  pi.  A, 
8-8ft,  P.     [E.  F.  C] 

The  above  list  contains  one  hundred  and  thirty-three  species 
of  fossil  plants,  of  which  eighty-three  are  ferns.  This  does 
not  include  synonyms,  and  species  mentioned  only  in  the  notes. 

Paleozoic  Fauna  of  Rhode  Island. 

Mylacris  Packardii.,  Scud.  [A  fossil  insect  found  at  Bristol, 
by  E.  F.  Clark.] 

Lingula  prima.     |  [Fall  River,  Newport,  etc.,  W.B.  Rogers 
Lingida  antiqua.  i  and  others.] 

Scolithus  liiiearis.      [Newport,  AY.  0.  Crosby.] 

The  four  species  named  above  have  all  been  found  in  Car- 
boniferous rocks  ;  but  the  last  three  in  pebbles  which  are  frag- 
ments of  much  older  rock,  perhaps  as  old  as  the  Potsdam  sand- 
stone, of  Lower  Silurian  or  Cambrian  age.  [See  pp,  18,  26.,  31, 
43,  48,  49,  51,  55,  of  this  report.]  In  the  later  editions  of 
his  works,  Dana  has  substituted  Lingulella  for  Lingula. 

JV.     Catalogue  of   Minerals    Found    in  Rhode  Island. 

Native  Sulphur,  Cumberland,  in  cavities,  probably  from 
decomposed  pyrite.  Also  found  by  "Webb,  attached  to  lime 
rock,  Smithfield,  in  1821,  Amer.  Journ.  Science,  vol.4,  p. 
285. 


Note.  Many  of  the  minerals  mentioned  in  tiiis  list  have  been  collected  by 
members  of  this  committee.  The  names  and  localities  of  others  have  been  fur- 
nished by  gentlemen  well  acquainted  with  the  minerals  of  Rhode  Island,  or  taken 
from  Dana,  Robinson,  Jackson,  the  American  Journal  of  Science,  and  other  pub- 
lications mentioned  on  the  previous  pages  of  this  Report. 

So  many  changes  have  been  made  in  the  towns  of  the  State  within  the  last 
half  century,  that  it  is  diflScult  to  give  localities  with  exactness.  This  is  specially 
trueof  Smithfield,  from  which  Lincoln,  Nortli  Smithfield,  and  a  portion  of  Woon- 
socket  have  been  taken,  leaving  the  present  Smithfield  small  in  area.  The  other 
portion  of  Woonsocket  has  been  taken  from  Cumberland ;  Pawtucket  and  East 
Providence,  as  Rhode  Island  towns,  have  been  created  within  that  period;  Prov- 
idence and  Pawtucket  have  .absorbed  a  large  part  of  North  Providence;  a  part  of 


80  GEOLOGY     OF     RHODE     ISLAND. 

Molybdenite, — Molybdenum  Suljjhide, — Cumberland,  Scit- 
uate,  "Westerly. 

Graphite, —  Flumbarjo, —  Portsmouth,  Cranston,  Cumber- 
land (Valley  Falls),  Providence,  Warwick,  Jamestown. 

Gold,  Johnston. 

Silver,  Johnston,  Lincoln  (near  8ayles'  Bleachery).  Also 
found  in  Cumberland,  in  1778.      [See   p.   2    of  this    Report.] 

Chalcopyrite, —  Copper  Fyriti'S, —  Johnston,  Portsmouth, 
Cumberland,  Lincoln. 

BoRNiTE, —  Variegated  Copper  Pyrites, — Johnston,  Cuiiiber- 
land. 

Malachite  and  Azurite, —  Greex  and  Blue  Copper  Car- 
bonate,—  Cumberland,  Johnston. 

Galenite, —  Galena, —  Lincoln,  Cumberland,  Johnston. 

Rutile, — Titanium  Oxide, — Johnston  (Elm  Farm),  Woon- 
socket ;  in  quartz  crystals,  Newport. 

Octahedrite,  —  Titanium  Oxide, —  Cumberland  (Poker 
Hill,  near  Ashton),  Lincoln  (Dexter  Lime  Rock). 

Pyrite, — Iron  Pyrites, — Newport,  Bristol,  Johnston,  Crans- 
ton, Portsmouth,  Lincoln,  Valley  Falls,  Cumberland,  Scituate  ; 
radiated,  Johnston  ;  cubo-octaJiedrons,  Lincoln,  Johnston  ;  do- 
decahedrons, Lincoln. 

Arsenopyrite, —  mispickel, — Cumberland   (Calumet  Hill). 

Hematite,  Cranston,  Cumberland,  Valley  Falls,  Scituate  ; 
Sjjeculnr  Iron,  Cumberland,  Cranston,  Johnston,  Foster; 
micaceous,  Johnston,  Providence,  Cumberland ;  stalactitic, 
mammillary,  and  botryoidal,  Cumberland  (Diamond  Hill)  ^ 
red  ochre,  Cranston,  Scituate,  Cumlierland  ;  red  chalk,  Provi- 
dence ;  clay  iron  stone,  Newport,  Block  Island. 


Cranston  ha;*  been  annexed  to  Providence;  and  other  clianges  liave  been  made. 
The  villages  of  Valley  Falls,  Ashton,  and  Manville  are  partly  in  Cumberland  and 
partly  in  Lincoln;  Pawtuxet  is  partly  in  Warwick  and  partly  in  Cranston;  and 
other  villages  are  similarly  divided.  ' 


CATALOGUE  OF  MINERALS.  81 

Menaccanite, —  Ihnenitc, —  Titanic  Hematite, —  Westerly, 
Woonsocket,  Johnstou. 

Magnetite, — 3Iagnefic  Iron  Ore, — Cumberland,  Johnston, 
Scituate,  Newport,  Glocester  ;  octahedral,  Cumberland,  John- 
ston, Smithfield,  Gloceeter,  Middletown  ;  sand.  Block  Island, 
"Westerly,  the  shores  of  Narragansett  Bay,  Providence  (artesian 
■well)  ;  Tporphyritic,  chrysolitic,  or peridotyte,  Cumberland  (Iron 
Mine  Hill),  and  boulders  to  the  south  of  it  [see  pp.  23,  44  of 
this  Repoi't],  titaniferous,  with  a  trace  of  manganese  [pp.  42, 
43,  52,  53,  Jackson's  Report].  Robinson,  in  1825,  had  visited 
thirteen  "  mine  holes"  in  the  town  of  Cumberland,  from  most 
of  which  magnetite  was  obtained. 

LiHONiTE, — Brown  Hematite, — Block  Island,  Foster,  Cran- 
ston, Providence,  Cumberland,  Lincoln ;  geodes,  Warwick ; 
yelloio  ochre,  Johnston,  Cranston,  Cumberland,  Newport ; 
hog  iron,  Warwick,  Cranston,  Narragansett  Pier,  Foster, 
Block  Island,  Providence,  Cumberland. 

Melanterite, — Copperas, — Iron  Vitriol, — Cranston,  Block 
Island,  Cumberland,  Foster,  Newport  Neck. 

Siderite, — Spathic  Iron, — North  Smithfield,  Cumberland, 
Portsmouth,  Jamestown  ;  in  steatite,  Johnston  ;  radiate  nodules 
in  quartz,  Jamestowni. 

Ptrolusite, — Black  Oxide  of  Manganese, — Cumberland, 
"E.  side  of  Blackstone  River,  2  J  miles  N.  of  Pawtncket." 

Fluorite, — Fluor  Spar ;  chlorophane,  purple,  blue,  green, 
and  white,  Cumberland  ;  purple,  perhaps  chlorophane,  found 
by  Webb,  in  1821,  in  Seekonk,  now  East  Providence;  also 
Providence  [Robinson]  ;  traces  in  flinty  slate,  Newport  Neck 
[Dale]  ;  Woonsocket,  Westerly. 

GypS¥M,  crystals,  in  iron  oi'e,  from  pyrite,  Newport  Neck. 

Apatite,  Curabei-land  (Diamond  Hill). 

Calcite, — Calc  Spar, — Lincoln*  (Lime  Rock,  Harris  and 
Dexter  quarries),  Cumberland,  Johnston,  Pawtucket,  Central 

*The  town  of  Lincoln  was  set  off  from  Smithfield  in  1871;  hence  the  linieftone 
quarries  and  the  village  of  Lime  Rock  are  now  in  Lincoln,  instead  of  Smithfield. 
6 


82  GEOLOGY    OF    RHODE    ISLAND. 

Falls,  Scituate,  North  Smithfield,  Westerly,  Newport  (Castle 
Hill),  Portsmouth  ;  nail-head  and  dog-tooth  spa7\  Lincoln  ;  Ice- 
land, or  douhle-refractlon  spar,  Lincoln  ;  blue,  Lincoln,  Cum- 
berland ;  argentine,  Lincoln ;  travertine,  Cumberland :  lime- 
stone, white,  yellow,  blue,  variegated,  and  dentritic  (formation 
of  manganese),  Lincoln,  Nortli  Providence  ;  marble,  or  granidar 
limestone,  Johnston,  North  Providence,  Cranston  ;  black  and 
white,  Lincoln  ;  green  and  white,  Cumberland. 

Dolomite  ;  Rhomh,  broiun,  and  bitter  spar,  Lincoln,  Cum- 
berland, Johnston  ;  pearl  spar,  Lincoln,  Johnston  ;  dendritic, 
Lincoln  ;  magyiesian  limestone,  Lincoln,  New^^tort,  Johnston,  etc. 

Quartz. 

Drusy  Quartz,  Cumberland  (Diamond  Hill). 

Rock  Crystal,  Cumberland*,  Lincoln  (Lime  Rock),  New- 
port, Middletown,  Coventry,  North  Providence  ;  curved  crystals, 
Providence,  Lime  Rock. 

Amethyst,  Bristol,  Cumberland,  Westerly,  Burrillville  ;  also 
on  banks  of  the  Blackstone  river,  in  Cumberland,  probably 
washed  several  miles  from  its  gangue. 

a 

Rose  Qiia?-fz,* Cumberland,  Lincoln. 

Citrine, — Fcdse  Topaz, — Foster,  Glocester,  Pawtuxet,  Lin- 
coln, Cumberland. 

Smoky  Qmoj-^z/ Cumberland,  Pawtucket,  Coventry,  Scituate, 
Lincoln,  Johnston. 

Milky  Quartz,  Bristol  (Mount  Hope),  Cumberland,  Smith- 
field,  East  Greenwich,  Providence,  Newport,  Middletown, 
Jamestown. 

Greasy  Quartz,  Cumberland. 

Cat's  Eye  ?   Cumberland. 

Prase,  Cumberland. 

Blue  Quartz,  Providence,  Smithfield. 

*Most  of  the  Cumljerland  localities  for  Quartz  are  at  Diamond  Hill. 


CATALOGUE  OF  MINERALS.  83 

Ferruginous  Quartz^  Diamond  Hill,  East  Greeinvicli. 

Massive  Quartz,  throughout  the  State  ;  granular,  Cranston, 
North  Smithfield  (AVoonsocket  Hill),  Cumberland,  James- 
town ;  fibrous,  Central  Falls,  Cranston  ;  sfaladitic.  Lime 
Kock  ;  cellular,  Lincoln  ;  hahel  and  radiated.  Diamond  Hill. 

Geodes,  Burrillville. 

Fetid  Quartz,  Cumberland,  Pawtuxet,  Cranston. 

Pseudomorphous  Quartz,  Cumberland. 

Thetis  Hair  Stone,  "quartz  penetrated  by  delicate  green 
crystals  of  actinolite,"  Cumberland. 

Sagenitic  Quartz,  penetrated  by  black  hornblende,  actino- 
lite. or  asbestus,  Cumberland,  Cranston,  Middletown  ;  by  rutile, 
Middletown  ;   by  grapnite  and  pyrite,  Cranston. 

Quartz  Crystals  containing  pearl  spar,  Cumberland  and  Lin- 
coln (Dexter  Lime  Rock)  ;  containing  chlorite,  Cumberland ; 
containing  siderite,  Jamestown  ;  containing  dendrite,  Lincoln 
(Dexter  Lime  Rock). 

Chalcedony,  Diamond  Hill,  Johnston,  Providence ;  botry- 
oidcd,  Lincoln  ;  mammillary ,  pale  blue,  on  quartz,  Burrillville. 

Carnelian,  Westerly,  AVarwick  (Pawtuxet). 

Agate,  Bristol,  Diamond  Hill,  "  composed  of  quartz,  jasper, 
chalcedony,  and  hornstone,  variously  disposed  in  stripes,  spots, 
or  irregular  figures  "  ;  fortification  and  rihhon  agate.  Diamond 
Hill. 

Jasper,  Bristol,  Proviilence,  Pawtucket,  Pawtuxet,  New- 
port, AVesterly,  Little  Compton  ;  flesh-colored,  red,  yellow, 
brown,  blue,  green,  and  grey,  eyed  and  striped,  Diamond  Hill, 
Cumberland. 

Hornstone,  Cumberland,  Cranston. 

Basanite, —  Lydian  stone,— ^  touchstone, —  found  in  Newport, 
by  Taylor  and  AVebb,  in  1824. 


Opal  ;  opalized  quartz?  Cumberland  ;  infusoricd  earth.  North 
Providence,  Cumberland ;  cacholong,  Diamond  Hill  [Jack- 
son] . 


84  GKOLOGY     OF     lillOOP]     ISLAND. 

Pyroxene  ;  Aiu/lte,  Scituate,  Mitldletowii ;  Sahlite,  Cuin- 
bei'laiid   [Jackson]. 

Rhodonite, — lied  Silicate  of  Manganese ;  Photicite,  Cum- 
berland. 

Amphi  bole,— Hornblende. 

Tremolite,  Lincoln  (fine  white),  Cumberland  (Tower  Hill), 
Johnston,  North  Providence,  Cranston  ;  fibrous,  Cranston, 
Lime  Rock,  Johnston,  East  Providence  ;  stellated  and  radiated, 
Lime  Rock,  Cumberland  ;  glassy,  Johnston. 

Actinolite,  Lincoln  (Manville) ,  Cumberland,  Johnston, 
Cranston,  Foster,  Coventry ;  crystals  in  steatite  and  slate, 
Johnston,  Cranston  ;  glassy,  Johnston  ;   ligneous,  Cumberland. 

Asbestus,  Lincoln,  Cumberland,  Bristol,  Johnston,  Newport, 
Cranston,  East  Greenwich  ;  silicated  curved,  Cranston  ;  green, 
Cumberland,  Lincoln,  Cranston,  Portsmouth ;  yellow,  Cran- 
ston, Johnston;  brown,  Cumberland;  radiated,  Jamestown; 
amianthus,  Lincoln",  Johnston,  Cumberland,  Providence  ;  ligni- 
form,  Cumberland,  Smithfield ;  mountain  leather,  Lincoln, 
Cranston. 

Hornblende,  black,  Cumberland,  Providence,  Johnston, 
Woonsocket,  Cranston  ;  green.  Providence,  Johnston  ;  radiated 
and  acicular  crystals  in  slate,  Johnston,  Cumberland  ;  fascicu- 
lite,  Johnston,  Woonsocket. 


Crocidolite, — Blue  Asbestus, — Cumberland. 

Beryl,  Westerly,  Smithfield,  Cumberland,  North  Provi- 
dence, Foster. 

Chrysolite, — Olivine, — Cumberland. 

Knebelite,  Cumberland;  the  "  ferro-silicate  of  manga- 
nese," p.  7  of  this  Report.      [Jackson's  Report,  pp.  54,  55.] 

Garnet,  Cranston,  Smithfield,  Jamestown  ;  precious,  Fos- 
ter, Natick,  Block  Island ;  red,  Natick,  Foster,  Johnston, 
Westerly,   Block  Island,    Scituate,    Cumberland ;    brown    and 


CATALOGUK  OF  MINERALS.  85 

cimiamon,  Cumberlund  ;  green  (poor),  Ciimberlantl ;   massive, 
Jobii.ston,  Cumberland. 

Epidote,  Providence,  Cumberland.  Newport,  Johnston, 
Lincoln,  Jamestown  (near  Dumplings). 

ZoisiTE,  Cumberland,  Woonsocket,  INIiddletown  (Paradise), 
Smithfield  (probably  Lincoln)  ;  saussurife.,  Lincoln  (Lime 
Rock)  [Emmons]. 

Ilvaite, —  Yenite, — Lievrife, — Cumberland  (Tower  Hill) . 
[See  pp.  4,  5  of  this  Report.]  Much  of  the  so-called  yenite 
recently  found  in  Cumberland  is  knebelite  ;  but  true  yenite  has 
also  been  found  there  within  a  few  years. 

Micas, — Biotite  and  Muscovite, — are  found  as  constituents 
of  the  granite,  gneiss,  and  mica  schists  of  the  State,  affording 
some  very  good  specimens  for  the  cabinet ;  black,  transparent, 
yellowish  green,  Cranston,  Smithfield,  Coventry,  Glocester, 
Westerly,  Cumberland,  Block  Ishind,  etc.  ;  two  species,  crys- 
tals, Middletown  (Paradise),  South  Kingstown  (^Yatson's 
Pier)  [Dale]  ;  black,  hexagonal  crystals,  Scituate  ;  tufted, 
Foster ;  nacrite,  on  quartz  and  calcite,  Lincoln  (Dexter  Lime 
Rock) . 

Feldspars, — tridinic  and  moaocUnic, — are  found  in  differ- 
ent parts  of  the  State,  as  constituents  of  granite,  gneiss,  and 
other  rocks,  often  quite  coarsely  crystallized  ;  but  little  seems 
to  have  been  done  to  determine  the  species.  Crystals  have 
been  found  in  Scituate,  Smithfield,  Middletown  (Paradise), 
Newport,  "Westerly,  etc.  The  feldspar  of  the  Cumberland 
iron  ore  is  tridinic  or  plagiodase ;  Microcline,  or  Chtster- 
lite^  is  found  in  Lincoln  (Dexter  Lime  Rock)  ;  Orthoclase 
in  Westerly,  Scituate,  and  Cumberland  ;  blue  in  Glocester ; 
flesh-colored  in  Hopkinton ;  perhaps  also  Labradorite  and 
other  species,  as  constituents  of  the  rocks  of  the  State. 

Tourmaline,  black,  Scituate,  Coventry,  Woonsocket,  John- 
ston, Cumberland,  Smithfield. 

Cyanite, — Kyanite, — Foster,  Cumberland,  Cranston,  Woon- 
socket. 


86  GEOLOGY     OF     RHODE     ISLAND. 

TiTANiTK, — Sphene, — found  by  Webb  in  Seekonk  (East 
Providence),  in  1821-2,  "  near  the  fluor  rock." 

Staukomtk. — Strntroiide, — Conanicut  Island  (Jamestown) . 

Stilbite,  fil)rons,  Woonsocket. 

Talc,  green.,  Cuniberland,  North  Providence,  Johnston, 
North  Sniithtield,  Foster,  Lincohi,  Coventry,  Newport,  Middle- 
town  ;  columnar,  Cumberland,  Johnston  ;  foliated^  Johnston, 
North  Smithfield  ;  irJiite,  Lincoln  (Lime  Rock)  ;  steatite, — 
soapstoiie, —  Johnston,  Cranston,  North  Smithfield,  Lincoln, 
North  Providence,  Cumberland  ;  French  chalk,  Johnston  ;  in- 
durated, Johnston  ;   dendritic,  Lincoln  (Dexter  Lime  Rock). 

Serpentine,  Newport,  Cumberland,  Johnston,  Lincoln, 
Providence  ;  Bowenite,  formerly  called  nephrite,  Lincoln  (Harris 
Lime  Rock)  ;  Chrysotile,  Cumberland,  Newport  Neck  ;  Balti- 
morite,  Cumberland ;  Ficrolite,  Lincoln,  Newport  Neck 
[Dale]. 

Kaolinite,  Woonsocket,  Burrillville,  Lincoln. 

Chlouites,  Johnston,  Lincoln,  Woonsocket,  Foster,  James- 
town, Westerly,  Cumberland,  Pawtucket,  Providence,  Middle- 
town  (Paradise),  Newport  (Castle  Hill  and  Rose  Island); 
partial  pseudomorphs  after  garnet  and  staurolite,  Conanicut 
Island,  northern  part,  west  side  [Dale]. 

Chlouito'D  ;  Manonite,  Warwick  (Natick  village)  ;  Phyllite, 
Cumberland,  Providence,  Newport,  Cranston  ;  Newportite, 
Newport.;    Oftrelite,  Jamestown  [Dale]. 

Mineral  Coal  ;  Anthracite,  Portsmouth,  Newport,  Cran- 
ston, Cumberland  (Valley  Falls),  Providence,  Warwick;  Lig- 
nite, Block  Island  ;  Peat,  Johnston,  Block  Island,  Cumber- 
land, Providence,  North  Providence,  Woonsocket,  Cranston, 
Bristol,  North  Kingstown,  South  Kingstown,  Wickford,  War- 
wick, Pawtuxet.     [Analyses,  p.  245,  J.] 


LIST    OF    LOCALITIES.  87 

V.     List  of  Localities  in  Rhode   Island  of  interest  to 

THE    GeOLOGIi^T    and    MINERALOGIST. 

Cumberland. 

This  town  has  been  styled  "  the  mineral  pocket  of  New  Eng- 
land." E.  Hitchcock  called  it  "  one  of  the  most  metalliferous 
spots  in  New  England."  As  will  be  seen  from  the  preceding 
catalogue,  most  of  the  rarer  minerals  found  in  the  State  occur 
in  this  town. 

Diamond  Hill  aixl  vicinitv.  noted  for  the  various  forms  of 
quartz,  hematite,  galena,  apatite,  etc.,  pp.  51,  52,  Jackson. 

Diamond  Hill  Granite  Quarry  (on  the  east  side  of  Calumet 
Hill)  and  Beacon  Pole  Hill  [556  feet  above  the  sea],  horn- 
blende gneiss  or  syeuitic  granite,  arsenopyrite,  epidote,  tremo- 
lite,  magnetite,  fluor-spar,  etc. 

Cumberland  Hill,  Sneech  Pond,  and  Copper  Mine  Hill,  lime- 
stOTie  and  dolomite  [analyses,  p.  2-40,  J.],  various  copper  and 
iron  ores  and  forms  of  hornblende,  chlorite,  epidote,  steatite, 
prase,  thetis  hair  stone  and  other  forms  of  quartz,  fluor-spar, 
garnet,  molybdenite,  photicite,  yenite,  knebelite  [analysis,  pp. 
54,  55,  J.].  Jackson  states  that  "  there  are  no  less  than  fifty 
different  ancient  mine  holes  in  this  hill."  They  run  from  the 
south  side  of  Sneech  Pond  around  the  east  side  of  the  pond  to 
Tower  Hill,  which  lies  between  Sneech  Pond  on  the  south  and 
Beacon  Pole  Hill  on  the  north. 

Iron  Mine  Hill,  porphyritic  titaniferous  magnetite,  olivine, 
serpentine,  feldspar,  etc.  Jackson  gives  a  section  of  the  hill 
and  analysis  of  the  ore,  pp.  52,  53  ;  also  states  facts  as  to  the 
boulders  carried  south,  and  scratches,  pp.  42,  43.  See  jip.  23. 
44  of  this  Report. 

Valley  Falls,  coal  mine,  fossil  plants,  grapliite,  anthracite 
[analysis  p.  239,  J.],  pyrolusite. 


Note.  JIany  oftliejie  localities  have  been  referred  to  on  tlie  previous  pages  of 
this  Report.  Sources  of  information  concerninp:  tliein  will  be  found  in  the  Index, 
when  not  here  mentioned.  The  references  marked  J.  are  to  Jackson's  Report  on 
the  Geological  Survey  of  Rhode  Island. 


88  GEOLOGY     OF     KIIODE     ISLAND. 

Woonsocket. 

Scythe  Stone  Quarries.  Jackson,  p.  70,  gives  a  section 
showing  conglomerate  I'esting  upon  and  passing  into  mica  slate, 
with  bouklers  upon  tlie  surface.  Ten  thousand  dozen  Avhet- 
stones  Avere  manufactured  in  1839. 

North  Smithfleld. 

Woonsocl-et  Hill,  576  feet  above  the  sea,  probably  the  high- 
est point  in  the  State  ;  granular  (juartz,  mica,  talc  ;  old  quarry 
for  hearthstones,  etc. 

Lincoln. 

Harris  Lime  Rock  and  Middle  Lime  Bach,  various  forms  of 
calcite  and  dolomite  [analyses,  p.  246,  J.],  dendrites,  quartz 
crystals,  stalactitic  quartz,  w^hite  talc,  tremolite,  BoAvenite, 
etc.  Jackson  gives  a  section  and  sketch,  pp.  58,  59.  This 
limestone  Avas  used,  in  1822,  for  the  trimmings  of  Hope  Col- 
lege, BroAvn  University. 

Dexter  Lime  Bock  and  vicinity,  A'arious  forms  of  calcite  and 
dolomite  [analyses,  p.  24G,  J.],  dendrites,  quartz  crystals, 
white  talc,  pyrite,  steatite,  nacrite,  etc.  Pp.  66-69,  J.  Jack- 
son [pp.  35,  68],  says  that  tlie  rhomb  spar  of  the  Lime  Rocks 
contains  manganese,  but  does  not  giA'e  it  in  his  printed  analysis 
of  limestones. 

Both  the  Harris  and  the  Dexter  rocks  are  said  to  have  been 
worked  soon  after  the  first  settlement  of  the  colony,  in  the  time 
of  Roger  Williams.  Jackson  states  that,  of  tlie  lime  made  at 
the  Dexter  rock,  10,000  casks  Avere  animally  sold,  from  1800  to 
1840. 

Arnold's,  or  Smithfield,  Ledge,  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Mo- 
shassuck  riA^er,  from  which  granitic  stone  Avitli  natural  faces 
was  taken  for  St.  John's  Church,  Providence,  in  1811,  and  St. 
Stephen's  Church,  in  1861. 

Arnold's  Quarry,  near  the  Butterfly  Factory,  from  which 
limestone  for  asphalt  paA^ement  was  taken,  serpentine,  picro- 
lite. 

Scott's  Pond,  floating  island. 


LIST    OF    LOCALITIES.  89 


Johnston. 


Snake  Den  Lechje^  in  the  northerly  i^art  of  the  town.  This 
region  contains  six  or  more  parallel  ridges  running  north  and 
south.  The  principal  valley  has  a  high,  steep  ledge  on  the  east, 
about  150  feet  high,  and  perhaps  300  feet  aboye  the  level  of 
the  sea,  with  loose,  angular  boulders  thickly  strewn  oyer  its 
side,  so  that  it  is  difficult  to  find  the  parent  ledge.  The  frag- 
ments are  of  all  sizes,  and  most  of  them  have  apparently  been 
taken  right  from  the  ledge.  On  the  west  of  this  valley  the  hill 
is  only  some  50  feet  high,  with  few  boulders  and  the  ledge 
well  smoothed  and  rounded,  evidently  by  glacial  action,  but 
Avitli  only  obscure  striation,  on  account  of  the  character  of  the 
rocks  and  their  exposure  to  atmospheric  action.  The  rock  on 
both  sides  of  the  valley  is  apparently  of  the  same  varieties  as 
the  Round  Rocks  boulders,  granitic  and  gneissoid,  of  varying 
composition  and  structure.  The  dip  on  the  ridges  Avest  of  the 
principal  valley  is  to  the  east,  in  all  cases  seen,  varying  from 
about  30°  to  nearly  vertical.  The  dip  of  the  rocks  east  of  that 
valley  was  not  satisfactorily  determined,  but  may  be  to  the 
south. 

The  stone  for  the  First  Congregational  Church,  Providence, 
is  said  to  haye  been  brought  from  this  ledge,  in  1816.  John- 
ston formerly  supplied  much  granite  for  building  purposes. 

Rotind  Bocks,  in  the  south-westerly  part  of  the  town,  about 
three  miles  south  of  Snake  Den.  A  great  collection  of 
boulders,  of  all  sizes,  from  a  few  pounds  in  weight  up  to 
twelye  or  fifteen  feet  in  diameter.  They  are  in  places  heaped 
so  closely  together  that  trees  can  hardly  grow  between  them, 
but  other  parts  were  well  wooded  at  the  time  of  our  visits. 
Some  of  the  rock  is  disintegrating,  and  much  of  the  soil  is  evi- 
dently made  of  this  decaying  rock.  The  boulders  coyer  an 
area  extending  perhaps  a  quarter  of  a  mile  in  length  and  a  few 
hundred  feet  in  width.  This  is  one  of  the  best  illustrations  in 
the  State  of  boulders  transported  by  glacial  action  from  the 
north.  The  rock  is  like  that  found  at  Snake  Den  and  other 
ledges  to  the  north,  granitic  and  gneissoid. 


90  GEOLOGY     OF     RHODE     ISLAND. 

Bear  Rocl\  in  the  north-easterly  part  of  the  town,  from  which 
the  granite  cohunns  of  the  Providence  Arcade  were  taken,  in 
1828. 

Brown  s  Lime  Quarnj,  said  to  liave  been  first  worked  for 
lime  by  Stephen  Hopkins,  about  the  middle  of  the  last  centurv. 
Jackson  gives  a  section,  p.  80,  analysis,  p.  246.  Green  acicu- 
lar  and  fasiculated  actinolite,  octahedral  magnetite,  chlorite^ 
green  talc,  etc.      i)n  Manton  road,  N.  of  Elm  Farm. 

Jenkins'  Lime  Quarry^  granular  limestone  [section  p.  81, 
analysis  p.  246,  J.],  serpentine,  steatite,  etc.  On  "Almy 
Farm,"  Hartford  [>ike,  W.  of  Elm  Farm. 

Indian  Ledge  and  3Iinercd  Spring  (Film  Farm),  green  talc, 
rutile,  menaccanite,  steatite  or  soapstone,  some  of  it  contain- 
ing siderite  and  limestone  ;  a  place  Aviiere  Indian  pottery  was 
manufactured.      On  Hartford  pike. 

TImrher's  Ledge,  from  which  the  stone  of  some  Providence 
buildings  was  taken.      In  northern  part  of  the  town. 

Neutakonkanut  Hill  [29G  feet  above  the  sea].  Jackson,  p. 
82,  gives  a  view  of  a  boulder  of  hornblende  rock  resting  upon 
mica  slate,  on  the  south  side  of  the  hill,  carried  there  from  the 
north,  by  glacial  action  ;  micaceous  iron,  north  end  of  hill ; 
glacial  striae,  Hartford  pike. 

Providence. 

Mount  Pleasant,  glacial  striae  on  the  top,  and  on  the  east 
side,  near  Atwell's  Avenue  [see  p.  40  of  this  Report]  ;  phyllite. 

Prospect  Hill,  College  Hill,  and  tiie  East  Side,  fossil  plants, 
graphite,  and  anthracite  [analysis  p.  239,  .J.]  ;  also  serpen- 
tine and  fluor-spar  were  found  GO  or  more  years  since. 

Smith's  Hill,  modified  drift,  a  deposit  of  sand  and  gravel 
perhaps  70  feet  deep.  Most  of  the  West  Side  of  the  city  is  of 
the  same  character. 

Field's  Point  presents  hills  of  gravel  and  sand  whose  peculiar 
rounded  backs  and  hollows,  as  well  as  boulders,  show  that  they 
were  deposited  by  glaciers. 


LIST    OF    LOCALITIES.  Ul 

East  Providence. 

Silver  Spring,  fossil  plants  and  glacial  marks. 

Ide's  Ledge  and  ledge  near  Hind's  Mill,  fossil  plants  (cala- 
mites),  milky  quartz,  graywacke  or  fine  conglomerate,  with 
natm'al*  faces,  used  for  buildings  in  Providence. 

Cranston. 

Iron  mine,  opened  in  1762  by  Gov.  Hopkins,  and  worked 
until  1780,  hematite,  limonite,  etc. 

Coal  mine,  Sockanosset,  fossil  plants,  graphite,  anthracite, 
phyllite,  remarkable  spring,  pp.  85,  86,  203,  J. 

Fenner's  Ledge,  Durfee's  Ledge,  and  Harris  Ledge,  fossil 
plants,  asbestus,  phyllite,  conglomerate,  "mica-schist"  used 
for  foundations  of  buildings  in  Providence. 

Warwick. 

NaticJc,  boulders  of  Masonite,  description  and  analysis,  pp. 
87,  88,  J. 

Wanoick  Neck,  fossil  plants,  graphite,  anthracite,  mineral 
spring,  pp.  83,  84,  J. 

Apponaug,  Drum  Rock,  a  rocking  stone,  description  and 
view,  pp.  84,  85,  J.  A  better  description  and  cut  are  referred 
to  on  p.  5  of  this  Report. 

South  Kingstown. 

Toiuer  Hill  [160  feet  above  the  sea],  plumbago,  p.  89,  J. 

•  Wolf  Bocks,  partly  in  this  town  and  partly  in  Exeter.  A 
ravine  about  an  eighth  of  a  mile  long  and  fifty  feet  deep,  run- 
ning northwest  and  southeast,  and  cutting  across  a  long  ridge 
or  hill.  The  sides,  especially  on  the  north,  are  covered  with 
large  boulders,  some  of  them  ten  or  twelve  feet  in  diameter. 
These  boulders  are  not  much  rounded,  and  have  not  travelled 
far,  evidently  having  been  brought  from  the  north  by  glacial 
action.      Some  of  them  are  of  coarse  granite,  containing  flesh- 


92  GEOLOGY    OF    KIIODK    ISLAND. 

colored  feldspar  ;  in  others  the   feldspar  is   whitish  ;  many  are 
of  dark  gneiss  ;  and  one,  at  least,  is  of  white  quartz. 

Terminal  3Iora'nir.  A  reference  to  pages  37—39,  46,  47  of 
this  Report  will  show  that  a  glacial  terminal  moraine  is  sup- 
posed to  run  through  South  Kingstown,  Charlestown,  and 
"Westerly,  and  possibly  an  intermediate  one  through  South 
Kingstown  and  North  Kingstown. 

3Ion(.'ij  Stone.  One  or  more  rocks  bearing  tliis  name  have 
been  observed  in  South  Kingstown  or  Charlestown.  A  piece 
of  a  boulder  so  named,  said  to  be  from  Charlestown,  near  the 
Sound,  is  a  conglomerate  wath  the  pebbles  much  metamor- 
phosed, the  center  of  each  pebble  being  different  in  color  from 
the  outside, — a  kind  of  concretionary  conglomerate. 

Westerly. 

Granite  Quarries  and  vicinity,  feldspar  crystals,  micas, 
quartz,  amethyst,  pyrite,  ilmenite,  beryl,  garnet.  In  the  Tenth 
U.  S.  Census,  vol.  x,  is  a  chromolithograph  of  "  Biotite 
Granite,  Westerly,  R.  I.,"  plate  xxxix.  In  the  same  volume, 
under  the  head  of  "  JNIicroscopic  Structure,"  G.  P.  Merrill 
says  :  "The  granites  of  Westerly,  R.  I.,  are  biotitic,  but  differ 
from  those  just  mentioned  in  being  usually  of  a  finer  texture 
and  more  rich  in  accessory  minerals,  containing  frequently 
small  crystals  of  fluor-spar,  sphene,  menaccanite,  magnetite, 
apatite,  epidote,  and  pyrite  ;  the  quartz  contains  also  many  of 
the  small,  thread-like  crystals  so  characteristic  of  rutile.  Many 
of  the  Westerly  granites  are  of  a  flesh-red  color,  but  other- 
wise than  this  they  do  not  differ  materially  from  the  ordinary 
gray  granites,  the  red  color  being,  as  usual,  due  to  the  red 
orthoclase  they  contain."  These  granites  are  very  extensively 
used,  not  only  in  Pi'ovidence,  but  in  other  parts  of  the  country. 

Bristol. 

Poppasijuash  Neck  and  Bristol  Neck,  fossil  plants,  glacial 
scratches,  pp.  104,  105,  J. 

Bristol  Ferry,  amethyst,  pyrite. 


LLST    OF    LOCALITIES.  93 

Mount  Hope,  white  quartz  and  quartz  crystals  [view  p.  79, 
J.],  glacial  scratches. 

Portsmouth. 

Coal  3Imes,  siderite  crystals,  fossil  plants,  graphite,  anthra- 
cite. Description  and  analyses,  pp.  95-10-i,  239,  240,  J., 
and  colored  section.  Jackson  and  later  authorities  refer  to  the 
large  proportion  of  Avater  in  the  coal.      See  p.  54,  this  Report. 

Prudence  Island,  fossil  plants,  sand  drifts. 

Middletown. 

Purgatory,  about  which  much  has  been  written,  as  the 
Index  of  this  Report  will  show.  The  elongation  of  the  pebbles 
in  the  conglomerate,  their  parallel  arrangement,  and  the  clearly 
cut  sets  of  parallel  planes  of  division  are  the  chief  points  of 
interest.  An  examination  of  the  foregoing  pages  of  this  Re- 
port, will  show  that  the  theory  of  plasticity  after  the  conglom- 
erate was  formed  has  of  late  yeai's  been  the  one  commonly 
accepted.  Jackson  and  other  early  authorities  stated  that  the 
chasm  "  was  once  filled  by  a  dyke  of  greenstone  trap,  Avhich 
has  been  worn  away,"  "•  a  small  portion  only  remaining  in  the 
south  end  of  the  rent,  to  attest  its  former  presence."  W.  B. 
Rogers,  in  1875,  said,  the  chasm  "  has  been  erroneously  re- 
garded as  due  to  the  decay  of  a  dyke  of  trap,  supposed  to  have 
occupied  the  cavity."     Pp.  93,  94,  J.     Magnetite  crystals. 

Paradise,  Hanging  Pioclc,  conglomerate  and  other  rocks, 
about  which  different  opinions  have  prevailed,  as  shown  in  the 
preceding  pages  of  this  Report,  and  pp.  93,  94,  J.  ;  chlorite, 
feldspar  crystals,  mica  crystals,  magnetite  crystals,  zoisite. 

Wood's  Castle,  fossil  plants,  white  on  black  ground. 

Sachuest  Neck  and  Point,  fossil  plants,  milky  quartz,  talc. 

Quartz  crystals  penetrated  by  acicular  crystals  of  rutile  and 
hornblende  have  recently  been  found  in  Middletown,  near  New- 
port,—  those  with  actinolite,  at  least,  "  in  a  quartz  vein  of  the 
conglomerate  of  the  Carboniferous  series"   [Dale]. 


94  GEOLOGY     OF     RHODE     ISLAND. 

Newport- 

Miantonomah  Hill,  section,  p,  92,  J. 

Newport  Neck,  antliivicite,  fossil  plants,  clay  iron  stone,  py- 
rite,  jasper,  feldspar  crystals,  chrysotile,  picrolite,  green  and 
purple  serpentine,  talc,  cpidote,  yellow  ochre,  pp.  89-91,  J. 
Limestone  near  Fort  Adams,  analysis,  p.  246,  J. 

Lime  Islands,  in  the  harbor,  description  and  analysis,  pp.  91, 
92,  246,  J. 

Jamestown. 

West  shore  of  Conanieut  Island,  "  4 J  miles  from  the  north 
end  and  o|  miles  from  the  south  end  of  the  island,"  staurolite 
and  garnets ;  also  chlorite  (partial  pseiidomorphs),  ottrelite. 
[Robinson  and  Dale.] 

Dumplings  and  Mackerel  Cove,  siderite,  epidote  ;  also  pyrite 
crystals.  South  Conanieut  [Dale]. 

Block  Island. 

A  portion  of  the  glacial  terminal  moraine,  clay,  boulders, 
iron  sand,  bog  iron  ore,  lignite,  peat. 

Miscellaneous. 

"  Devil's  foot  marks,"  near  Wickford,  description  and  cut, 
pp.  86,  87,  J. 

Balanced  rock,  farm  of  E.  S.  Thurber,  North  Providence. 

Direction  of  glacial  scratches,  p.  43,  J. 

Pawtiicket  has  furnished  fossil  plants.  Those  from  Mans- 
field, Wrentham,  and  adjacent  portions  of  Massachusetts 
belong  to  the  same  formation  as  those  of  Rhode  Island. 

"  Nipmuck  granite  "  has  been  quarried  in  South  Scituate 
[p.  76,  J.]  or  Coventry.  It  is  a  gneiss  which  has  been  much 
used  in  Providence,  for  crossings,  flags,  and  buildings,  distin- 
guished from  others  by  its  yellow  look,  has  "quite  a  large  pro- 
portion of  muscovite,  with  much  less  biotite,  in  layers,  and 
hence  splits  quite  smoothly."  Pascoag  gneiss  has  also  been 
used  in  Providence. 


GEOLOGT    OF    RHODE    ISLAND.  95 

Octahedral  magnetite  has  been  found  in  Glocester,  farm  of 
Daniel  Tucker. 

Walliim  Pond,  Burrillville,  a  beautiful  sheet  of  clear  water, 
in  the  north-western  part  of  Rhode  Island,  extending  into 
Massachusetts.  On  its  shores  are  many  boulders,  especially  on 
tilt  southern  and  western  sides,  with  woods  of  pine  and.  oak. 

Jackson  [p.  246]  gives  analysis  of  limestone  from  quarry  in 
North  Providence.  There  are  also  quarries  of  other  stone  in 
the  portion  of  North  Providence  annexed  to  the  city  of  Provi- 
dence, Whelden's  and  other  ledges. 

There  have  been  attempts  to  mine  gold  in  different  parts  of 
the  State,  but  with  little  success. 

VI.      Results    obtained  by  Digging  and    Boring   in 
Rhode  Island. 

A  map  of  the  city  of  Providence  and  vicinity,  prepared  for 
us  in  the  office  of  the  city  engineer,  is  marked  to  show  where 
the  ledge  is  known  to  lie- near  the  surface.  The  map  indicates 
the  localities  of  surface  rock  ;  also  where  the  ledge  has  been 
struck  at  a  depth  of  five  feet  in  laying  water  pipes,  and  ten  or 
twelve  feet  in  constructing  sewers.  AYe  have  also  made  inqui- 
ries of  those  who  have  been  engaged  in  digging  for  buildinj; 
operations,  or  sinking  artesian  wells,  and  present  in  this  por- 
tion of  the  Report  such  facts  as  we  have  been  able  to  gather. 
We  suggest  that  more  care  should  be  taken  to  collect  and  pre- 
serve such  information  ;  and,  where  it  is  possible,  specimens  of 
rock  encountered  at  different  depths,  properly  labeled,  should 
be  somewhere  preserved.  When  not  otherwise  indicated,  the 
particulars  in  regard  to  artesian  borings  have,  in  most  cases, 
been  furnished,  from  memory,  by  Mr.  D.  L.  Barker. 

In  the  greater  portion  of  tlie  East  Side  of  Providence,  the 
ledge  lies  quite  near  the  surface.  It  is  found  at  the  surface  on 
the  corner  of  Gano  and  George  streets,  the  corner  of  Prospect 
and  Barnes  streets,  on  the  south  side  of  Cypress  street  near 
Camp  street,  and  other  places.      It  has  frequently  been  struck 


96  okolo(;y  of  iuiodk  island. 

ill  watiT  and  sewer  trenches  in  the  area  extending  from  North 
.-tieet  on  the  north  to  AVaterman  street  on  the  south,  and  from 
Benefit  and  North  Main  streets  on  tlie  west  to  East  avenue  and 
Brook  street  on  the  east.  In  most  of  Congdon  street  and  a 
hirge  part  of  Camp  street,  the  bed-rock  lies  within  five  feet  of 
the  surface  ;  and  tlic  same  is  true  of  portions  of  Prospect  street 
and  various  other  streets.  The  northeast  corner  of  no))e 
reservoir  was  bhisted  from  tlic  solid  rock.  In  nearly  the  whole 
of  Olney  street,  from  North  Main  street  to  the  point  where  it 
turns  to  the  north,  the  ledge  lies  within  twelve  feet  of  the  sur- 
face. In  fact,  the  rock  has  already  been  found  within  that  dis- 
tance of  the  surface  in  about  thirty  streets  within  the  area 
named  above  ;  also  in  the  whole  of  Governor  street  north  of 
Power  street,  in  Manning  street  between  Governor  and  Gano 
streets,  in  Gano  street  between  Manning  and  Pitman  streets, 
and  at  one  point  in  Taber  avenue  just  north  of  Humboldt  ave- 
nue. The  rock  on  which  Roger  Williams  is  said  to  have 
landed  was  a  ledge  on  the  bank  of  the  Seekonk  river,  near  the 
corner  of  AYilliams  and  Gano  streets.  It  has  recently  been 
covered  with  sand  and  gravel;  but  'detached  portions  of  the 
rock  have  been  raised  to  the  present  level. 

The  underlying  rock  of  the  East  Side  is  of  the  Carboniferous 
age,  in  some  places  graywacke  conglomerate,  and  in  others 
carboniferous  shale  or  slate,  often  with  fossil  plants.  The  two 
kinds  of  rock  are  sometimes  found  in  the  same  street.  In 
digging  for  the  sewer  on  Benefit  street,  very  hard  graywacke 
was  found  north  of  the  man-hole  between  Church  and  Starr 
streets  ;  but  south  of  that  point'was  found  slate,  with  plumbago, 
coal,  and  asbestus.  In  most  of  the  streets,  however,  the  rock 
is  black  slate  or  shale,  and  not  graywacke.  The  dip  is  thought, 
by  those  who  work  upon  the  sewers,  to  be  about  forty-five 
degrees,  a  little  north  of  east,  in  all  the  region  above  described. 

The  material  above  the  ledge  is  found  to  differ  widely  in  dif- 
ferent portions  of  the  East  Side.  So  far  as  we  have  been  able 
to  trace  it,  a  division  line  runs  approximately  as  follows : 
Commencing  near  the  corner  of  John  and  Brook  streets,  run- 
ning along  John,    Governor,    Power,  Ives,    Amy,  and  Gano 


DIGGING    AND    BORING.  97 

streets  to  Aiigell  street,  tlience  north-easterly  (crossing  Hum- 
boldt avenue  between  Elnigrove  and  "\Yayland  avenues)  to 
Butler  avenue,  thence  northerly  along  that  avenue,  and  turning 
again  to  the  north-east,  striking  the  river  on  the  grounds  of  the 
Butler  Hospital,  near  Swan  Point.  To  the  north  and  west  of 
this  line  is  found  "'hard-pan," — apparently  both  lower  and 
upper  till ;  that  is,  the  unmodified  drift,  just  as  it  was  left  by 
the  glacier,  including  the  ground  moraine  and  the  material 
which  the  glacier  deposited  at  melting ;  mingled  clay,  sand, 
boulders,  and  angular  stones,  often  almost  as  hard  to  dig  as  a 
solid  ledge  would  be,  sometimes  called  "marl."  Various 
colors  are  found,  red  (apparently  from  the  red  rock  to  the 
north),  yellow,  gray,  black,  and  bluish  tints.  Water  is  usually 
reached  near  the  surface.  To  the  south  and  east  of  this  line 
is  found  a  deep  deposit  of  modified  drift, — stratified  sand  and 
fine  gravel,  evidently  deposited  by  water, — easily  dug,  with 
water  far  below  the  surface.  In  John  street,  however,  sand 
extends  only  about  twelve  feet  below  the  surface,  after  which 
clay  is  found. 

The  plane  dividing  these  widely  different  classes  of  material 
is  perfectly  distinct,  and  it  generally  seems  to  be  nearly  verti- 
cal. The  surface  of  the  ground  usually  presents  no  indication 
of  its  existence,  though  the  area  of  modified  drift  is  dry  and 
perhaps  more  nearly  level,  where  it  has  not  been  washed  away 
by  the  recent  flow  of  water  ;  while  the  surface  of  the  unmodified 
drift  is  more  rounded  in  outline,  with  springs  and  swampy  re- 
gions. Apparently  the  ice  of  the  glacier  was  washed  away  on 
the  side  towards  the  Seekonk  river,  the  flood  carrying  with  it 
the  deposit  of  till ;  and  subsequently  the  water  deposited  there 
the  sand  and  fine  gravel,  while  the  ice  still  remained  on  the 
area  of  unmodified  drift. 

An  artesian  well,  sunk  near  the  corner  of  Angell  and  Way- 
land  streets,  shows  the  character  of  this  area  of  modified  drift. 
Dr.  W.  M.  Jackson  gives  the  strata  as  follows,  beginning  al 
the  surface  : 

13 


98  GKOLOGY    OF    RHODE    ISLAND. 

White  sand,  moderately  fine,         .         .         35  feet. 

Quick-sand,  very  fine  and  wliite,   .  .  25    " 

Black  sand,  largely  magnetic,        .  .  2    " 

Blue  clay,  dense  and  compact,       .  .  8    " 

Blue  gravel,  very  coarse,      .  .  .  4    "      7  inches. 

The  bed-rock  Avas  struck  at  seventy-four  feet  and  seven 
inches  from  the  surface,  which  is  just  about  the  level  of  the 
sea.  No  boulders  were  encountered.  The  ledge  shelved  at 
quite  a  sharp  angle  toward  tlie  river,  and  the  pipe  was  so  bent 
by  driving  against  tlie  ledge  that  dynamite  cartridges  were 
used  to  blow  off  the  end.  Quite  a  cavity  Avas  thus  made  in  the 
ledge,  and  many  fragments  of  it  Avere  brought  up.  Tlie  rock 
was  of  slate,  but  many  pieces  "had  an  admixture  of  quai'tz 
with  the  slate — a  silvery,  glassy  white  quartz — not  mineral 
bearing."  Dr.  Jackson  "judged  the  ledge  to  be  slate,  with  an 
accidental  quartz  leader  beneath  the  pipe  opening."  The 
water  above  the  black  sand  was  "  unusually  hard  and  unfit  to 
drink  ;  "  that  in  the  blue  gravel,  between  the  blue  clay  and 
bed-rock,  was  "  first  class  in  every  particular,"  and  "  appeared 
to  fill  the  four  foot  seven  inch  space." 

In  the  south-western  and  extreme  southern  portion  of  the 
East  Side,  the  ledge  does  not  lie  very  near  the  surface.  None 
was  encountered,  south  of  Angell  street,  in  digging  for  the 
Brook  street  sewer  ;  but  indications  of  a  beach  (broken  shells, 
pebbles,  etc.)  were  found  between  Pike  and  Tockwotton 
streets.  In  boring  a  well  at  the  Tool  Company's  works  (now 
Household  Sewing  Machine  Company),  on  the  western  part  of 
Wickenden  street,  in  1S66,  before  Mr.  Barker  began  his 
work,  the  ledge  was  struck  at  perhaps  35  feet  below  the  sur- 
face, and  the  boring  continued  to  a  depth  of  about  270  feet. 
Coal  was  found  which  was  burned  in  the  company's  fires. 
About  1880,  other  wells  were  started  on  these  pi-emises,  which 
struck  solid  rock  at  about  12,  22,  and  40  feet.  None  of  the 
wells  were  successful  in  supplying  water.  Probably  the  rock 
at  1  2  feet,  under  the  building,  was  a  boulder,  as  there  was  an 
old  Avell  near  by,  dug  30^^feet  deep.  The  ledge  seems  to  be 
further  from  the  surface  towards  the  river.     It  is  said  that 


DIGGING    AND    CORING.  99 

rock,  either  boulder  or  ledge,  "was  struck  12  or  15  feet  below 
the  surface,  in  a  well  between  South  Main  and  Well  streets, 
near  Williams  street. 

A  hill  of  loose  material,  gravel  and  sand,  between  Fox 
Point  and  India  PMnt,  has  been  removed  within  a  few  years, 
and  used  for  the  streets  and  for  filling  the  flats  of  the  Seekonk 
river  in  the  vicinity  of  Roger  Williams  Rock,  and  other  low 
places  on  the  East  Side.  There  was  formerly  a  pond,  south  ot 
AVickenden  street,  into  which  the  brook  of  Brook  street  flowed. 
Tlie  outlet  of  the  pond  was  into  the  Providence  river,  near  the 
present  location  of  the  works  of  the  Providence  Steam  Engine 
Company. 

In  the  office  of  the  city  engineer  is  the  record  of  six  test 
wells,  sunk  in  1882,  under  the  new  Washington  bridge  over  the 
Seekonk  rirer,  near  India  Point.  The  most  western  one, 
sunk  where  the  water  was  then  the  deepest,  west  of  the  present 
draw,  differs  from  all  the  others.  It  was  carried  only  84  feet 
below  high  water,  and  passed  through  about  30  feet  of  water, 
16  feet  of  mud,  and  38  feet  of  gravel.  The  others  were  carried 
from  98  to  108  feet  below  high  water.  Two  of  them  struck  a 
slate  rock,  probably  the  ledge,  at  96  and  106  feet;  but  the 
others  did  not.  In  all  the  wells,  immediately  below  the  water 
of  the  river  was  a  layer  of  mud  and  oyster  shells,  or  clayey 
mud,  from  16  to  34  feet  thick  ;  and  in  all  except  the  two  east- 
ern ones,  which  were  not  in  the  deep  water  in  the  middle  of 
the  river,  the  mud  terminated  about  46  feet  below  high  water. 
In  all  except  the  western  one,  which  was  about  125  feet  from 
the  next,  there  were  various  layers  of  fine  and  coarse  sand  and 
gravel,  including  a  layer  of  quick-sand  20  to  30  feet  thick,  but 
very  little  clay.  The  layers  of  gravel  Avere  mostly  from  2  to 
12  feet  thick,  and  in  one  of  them  there  was  a  good  supply  of 
fresh  water. 

There  are  out-crops  of  the  ledge  near  the  city,  at  Kettle 
Point,  Silver  Spring,  and  other  places  in  the  town  of  East 
Providence. 

Leaving  the  East  Side,  we  find  marked  upon  the  map  no 
other  parts  of  the  city  where  the  ledge  has  been  struck  in  dig- 


100  GKOLOGY     OF     RHODE     ISLAND. 

ging  for  water  pipes  or  sewers,  except  short  distances  at  At- 
well's  avenue  and  Coville  street,  and  Manton  avenue  and 
Aleppo  street.  In  the  un-se\vei'ed  parts  of  the  city,  the  ledge 
crops  out  in  various  ph^ces,  especially  in  the  extreme  northern 
and  north-western  portions  of  the  city,  as  at  flie  ledges  south  of 
Windmill  Hill,  north  of  Geneva,  near  Eagle  Park,  Manton, 
Dyerville,  Mount  Pleasant,  and  various  other  places.  Most  of 
these  ledges  are  from  100  to  200  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
sea.  The  ledge  also  reaches  the  surface  on  the  east  side  of 
Rocky  Hill  in  Cranston,  and  in  many  places  on  Neutakonkanut 
Hill  in  Johnston,  even  on  the  summit,  29G  feet  high. 

Smith's  Hill  and  the  West  Side  of  the  city  proper  consist  of 
a  great  depth  of  modified  drift,  stratified  sand,  gravel,  and 
clay,  with  no  "hard  pan"  or  ledge  at  ordinary  depths. 

The  Silver  Spring  Bleaching  and  Dyeing  Company's  works 
are  located  in  the  northern  part  of  the  city,  on  Charles  street 
north  of  the  railroadj  crossing,  where  the  ground  is  about  30 
feet  above  the  sea.  About  30  wells,  some  flowing  and  others 
pumping,  have  been  sunk  there.  Twenty-three  of  the  pump- 
ing wells  furnish  more  than  1,000  gallons  of  water  per  minute, 
running  ten  hours  a  day.  Mr.  Barker  claims  that  these  wells 
are  the  second  best  in  the  United  States,  so  far  as  the  volume  of 
good  water  is  concerned.  One  of  the  wells  struck  the  ledge  at 
about  155  feet  from  the  surfece,  and  went  into  the  rock  about 
12  feet,  when  the  tools  were  lost  and  the  well  abandoned. 
From  the  description,  we  suppose  the  ledge  to  be  graywacke. 
The  other  wells  are  from  ^89  to  134  feet  below  the  surface, 
most  of  them  fi-om  100  to  ]  20  feet.  The  strata  are  mostly  from 
1  to  10  feet  thick,  and  differ  much  in  the  different  Avells, — 
quick-sand,  fine  sand,  and  coarse  sand,  white,  yelloAv,  brown, 
grey,  and  black,  with  one  layer  of  blue  sand.  There  is  no 
clay,  and  few  layers  of  gravel,  except  at  the  bottom,  Avhere 
the  water-bearing  gravel  is  found.  Within  50  feet  of  the  sur- 
face the  water  contains  iron,  and  is  unfit  for  use. 

In  1879-80,  six  wells  Avere  sunk  on  the  premises  of  the  R. 
I.  Tool  Company,  West  River  street,  where  the  present  sur- 
face is  also  about  30  feet  above  the  sea.     They  Avere  carried 


DIGGING    AND    BORING.  101 

to  depths  varyinj^  from  48  to  130  feet,  Avithout  striking  tlic 
ledge ;  and,  together,  by  j^umping,  yield  152  gallons  per 
minute. 

In  1885,  soundings  were  made  by  the  city  engineer,  to  a 
depth  of  40  to  54  feet  below  high  water,  in  order  to  determine 
the  character  of  the  underlying  strata  at  five  points  :  Craw- 
ford Street  Bridge,  AYashington  Row,  outlet  of  the  Cove, 
centi'e  of  the  Cove,  and  entrance  of  Woonasquatucket  river. 
The  first  stratum,  in  each  case,  was  of  mud,  8  to  15  feet  thick  ; 
below  that  were  found  vai-ying  layers  of  sand  and  gravel,  1  to 
11  feet  thick,  in  most  cases  with  a  layer  of  gravel  at  the  bottom 
of  the  boring.  No  amount  of  quick-sand  Avas  found,  except 
layers  4  to  8  feet  thick,  at  the  two  points  last  named  above ; 
and  a  layer  of  clay,  11  and  13  feet  thick,  was  found  only  in  the 
same  two  borings.  Both  the  quick-sand  and  clay  were  appar- 
ently deposited  wliere  the  water  began  to  move  more  slowly 
on  entering  the  Cove. 

AVest  of  the  Cove  basin  is  found  a  peculiar  stratum  of  fer- 
ruginous conglomerate,  composed  of  pebbles  from  one  to  six 
inches  in  diameter,  cemented  together.  It  lies  near  the  surface 
at  the  '"vitriol"  works,  and  from  twelve  to  thirty  feet  below 
the  surface  under  the  building  of  the  Brown  and  Sharpe 
Manufacturing  Company,  on  Promenade  street,  where  the  sur- 
face is  about  10  feet  above  the  sea.  The  stratum  of  conglom- 
erate is  from  six  inches  to  four  feet  thick,  with  quick-sand  both 
above  and  below  it,  while  the  ledge  is  perhaps  130  feet  below 
the  surface.  Builders  are  careful  to  reach  this  conglomerate 
in  driving  piles  and  laying  foundations,  and  equally  careful  not 
to  break  through  this  stratum. 

At  the  Brown  &  Sharpe  works  are  three  wells,  about  135 
feet  deep,  in  which  the  water  stands  about  three  feet  below  the 
sidewalk.  The  borings  passed  through  vai'ious  layers  of  sand, 
quick-sand,  clay,  "  marl,"  and  gravel ;  and  two  of  them  struck 
a  slate  rock,  apparently  the  ledge. 

XOTK.— Jlost  of  the  particuhirs  pertaining  to  the  wells  of  the  Silver  .Spring  B. 
&  D.  Co.,  K.  I.  Tool  Co.,  Krowu  &  Sharpe  JIfjf.  Co.,  and  Nicholson  File  Co., 
have  been  obtained  at  the  works,  some  of  them  from  records  l^ept  there. 


102  GEOLOGY     OF    RHODE     ISLAND. 

From  187'.-)  to  1882,  five  flowing  wells  were  bored  by  the 
Nicholson  File  Company,  on  Acorn  street,  also  near  the 
Woonasqiiatucket  river,  where  the  surface  is  about  10  feet 
above  the  sea.  They  are  from  107  to  130  feet  deep,  without 
striking  the  ledge,  and  passed  through  blue  clay  and  sand  of 
different  colors,  Avith  coarse  sand  and  gravel  at  the  bottom, 
which  yields  the  water.  One  of  the  wells  yields  30  gallons  a 
minute. 

The  Richmond  Manufacturing  Company  and  the  Providence 
Worsted  Mills,  Valley  street ;  and  the  Valley  Worsted  Mills, 
Eagle  street,  have  sunk  wells,  the  latter  one  said  to  be  17G 
feet  deep,  yielding  40  gallons  per  minute.  Most  of  the  wells 
mentioned  in  this  paragraph  were  sunk  before  1879,  when  Mr. 
Barker  commenced  his  work. 

Five  wells  have  been  sunk  on  Aborn  street,  near  AVest- 
minster  street,  on  the  West  Side,  south  of  the  Cove  basin, 
where  the  surface  is  less  than  20  feet  above  the  sea.  The 
strata  found  were  of  sand,  gravel,  and  cobble,  without  quick- 
sand or  clay  of  any  amount.  The  ledge  was  reached  at  about 
105  feet  from  the  surface.  Just  above  the  ledge  was  a  layer  of 
gravel,  some  30  feet  thick,  which  furnished  a  good  supply  of 
water.  One  of  the  wells  was  carried  into  the  solid  rock  about 
50  feet,  or  155  feet  from  the  svirface.  The  rock  seemed  to  be 
about  like  that  of  Fenner's  ledge,  Cranston,  of  Carbonifei'ous 
age. 

At  the  Barstow  Stove  Foundry,  foot  of  Chestnut  street, 
near  Point  street,  where  the  ground  is  about  10  feet  above  the 
sea,  the  ledge  was  reached  at  G5  feet  below  the  surface,  the 
last  part,  at  least,  through  gravel  mixed  with  clay,  or  "hard 
pan."  The  well  was  continued  through  the  ledge  of  carboni- 
ferous shale  and  plumbago  140  feet,  or  205  feet  from  the  sur- 
face. In  other  wells  in  that  vicinity,  one  of  wliich  was  cai'- 
ried  230  feet  below  the  surface,  the  ledge  was  also  reached  at 
about  G5  feet,  and  was  like  that  at  Barstow's,  only  softer  in 
some  cases. 

In  1885,  six  borings  were  made  to  test  the  foundation  for 
the  gas  holder  on  Langley  street,  near  Eddy  street,  where  the 


DIGGING   AND   BORING.  103 

surface  is  8^  feet  above  high  water.  The  strata  encountered 
were  about  10  feet  of  sand  ;  1  to  2  feet  of  fine  sand,  mud,  and 
water  ;  10  to  14  feet  of  dock-mud  or  clay  ;  3  to  5  feet  of  gravel 
or  gravel  sand,  with  flowing  water.  Underneath  the  gravel 
was  clay,  Avhich  was  struck  at  a  depth  of  29  to  30  feet  from 
the  surface,  and  the  "  test-holes"  were  not  continued  further. 
In  1871,  an  artesian  well  a  little  over  300  feet  deep  was  bored 
at  this  West  station,  on  Langley  street.  It  went  through  aJoout 
5G|-  feet  of  sand,  mud,  clay,  and  gravel;  112  feet  of  slate  and 
sandstone  or  couglomerate  ;  and  132  feet  or  mora  of  granite  and 
quartz.  There  are  other  driven  wells  at  this  station,  45  or  50 
feet  deep,  which  did  not  strike  the  ledge.  At  the  South  sta- 
tion, on  Public  street,  there  are  also  driven  wells,  one  of  them 
over  100  feet  deep,  which  did  not  strike  the  ledge. 

At  the  corner  of  Stewart  and  Conduit  streets,  about  70  feet 
above  the  sea,  the  ledge  was  struck  at  about  100  feet  from  the 
surface,  mostly  thi'ough  sand. 

On  Field's  Point,  the  ledge  has  not  been  struck  at  60  feet 
depth.  Test  borings  will  probably  be  made  there  in  connec- 
tion with  the  proposed  sewage  Avorks.  The  ledge  was  struck 
on  Starve-goat  Island,  at  35  feet  from  the  surface,  and  thcAvell 
Avas  carried  to  a  depth  of  129  feet,  through  rock,  apparently 
like  that  at  Silver  Spring,  East  Providence. 

At  the  Avorks  of  the  American  Enamel  Company,  on  the 
shore  of  Mashapaug  Pond,  the  ledge  was  not  struck  at  a  depth 
of  200  feet,  through  sand  and  quick-sand. 

At  Moulter's  AVhat  Cheer  BreAvery,  Ci'anston,  near  Narra- 
"ansett  Park,  the  strata  Avere  27  feet  of  gravel ;  208  feet  of 
quick-sand  ;  12  feet  of  ledge.  Carboniferous,  apparently  like 
Fenner's  ledge,  making  a  total  depth  of  247  feet.  The  ledge 
Avas  here  reached  at  a  depth  of  235  feet,  the  deepest  point  at 
Avhich  Mr.  Barker  has  knoAvn  the  ledge  to  be  struck  in  this 
vicinity.  He  states  that  brewery  scAvage  Avas  draAvn  a  dis- 
tance of  125  feet  into  a  Avell,  through  gravel. 

At  the  Girls'  Reform  School,  Sockanosset,  Cranston,  the 
drill  Avent  through  12  feet  of  tenacious  marls,  and  struck  a 
ledge  of  dark  phyllite  slate,  folloAved   by  conglomerate,  Avith 


104  GEOLOGY    OF    RHODE    ISLAND. 

miicli  pyrite.     An  iiljundaiit  supply  of  water  was  found  at  156 
feet  depth. 

At  .Saylesville,  in  the  southern  part  of  Llneohi,  parties  are 
now  engaged  in  boring  a  deep  artesian  well.  "We  understand 
that,  at  last  accounts,  it  had  reached  the  depth  of  904  feet. 
The  strata  passed  through,  as  far  as  we  can  learn,  have  been 
10  feet  of  ordinary  upper  gravelly  strata,  170  feet  or  more  of 
fine  bluish  sand,  15  to  20  feet  of  coarse  gravel,  and  704  feet 
of  solid  rock.  The  rock  seems  to  be  a  granite  formation,  at 
times  wholly  quartz. 

Several  wells,  50  to  70  feet  deep,  have  been  sunk  on  War- 
wick Neck,  where  the  ledge  is  12  to  15  feet  below  the  surface, 
and  apparently  of  graywacke,  in  some  cases  with  pyrite  cubes. 
Tlfe  black  Carboniferous  shale  is  also  found  at  Warwick  Neck. 

At  River  Point,  a  well  has  been  sunk  82  feet,  22  feet  of 
which  was  sand  and  gravel,  and  the  remainder  hard  granite. 
In  East  Greenwich,  the  ledge  was  reached  at  25  to  30  feet,  — 
not  coal  measures.  At  Narragansett  Pier,  pink  granite  lies 
near  the  surface. 

At  Drown ville,  conglomerate  rock  was  reached  perhaps  12 
feet  from  the  surface,  in  a  well  of  ))erhaps  50  feet  depth.  The 
Nayatt  Brick  Company  sunk  a  well  of  65  feet,  througli  clay, 
reaching  white  gravel.  A  similar  deposit  of  clay,  reaching 
below  60  feet  from  the  surfiice,  is  found  in  other  parts  of  Har- 
rington ;  also  quick-sand  and  cobble-stones  are  found  in  the 
town. 

At  Bristol  Neck,  a  well  of  about  90  feet  passed  through 
pink  granite,  lying  near  the  surface.  On  the  premises  of  the 
National  Rubber  Company,  Bristol,  is  a  w^ell  625  feet  deep. 
The  ledge  was  struck  a  few  feet  below  the  surface.  It  is  of 
granite,  with  occasional  quartz  and  feldspar  veins.  The  Avell 
does  not  yield  water  enough  to  pay  for  pumping. 

At  the  Torpedo  Station,  Goat  Island,  Newport  Harbor,  a 
well  Avas  bored  through  "  hard  pan  "  to  a  ledge  of  light  colored 
rock,  rather  soft,  at  32  feet,  reaching  a  depth  of  about  214  feet 
from  the  surface.  On  Coaster's  Harbor  Island,  a  well  was  sunk 
87  feet,  through  black  rock  and  conglomerate,  obtaining  a  supply- 


GENERAL    REMARKS.  105 

of  excellent  water.  On  Batli  road,  not  far  from  Bcllevue 
avenue,  a  well  was  sunk  112  feet,  through  variously  colored 
rock,  similar  to  those  seen  along  the  "  Cliffs  ; "  water  poor. 

VII.     Gexeual  Remarks. 

The  earlier  parts  of  this  Report  have  occupied  much  more 
space  than  was  anticipated,  and  this  concluding  portion  must, 
therefore,  be  made  briefer  than  we  had  originally  contemplated. 
Our  chief  purpose,  however,  has  been  to  bring  to  the  notice  of 
the  members  of  the  Franklin  Society  what  has  already  been 
learned  about  the  Geology  of  Rhdde  Island.  Au  examination 
of  the  preceding  pages  Avill  show  what  has  been  accomplished 
in  that  direction  ;  and,  by  consiilting  the  Index  appended  to  this 
Report,  information  on  any  special  topic  can  easily  be  obtained. 
We  have  attempted  little  original  investigation,  but  have  tried 
to  lay  the  foundations  essential  to  future  progress. 

The  necessity  for  some  such  collation  of  authorities  is 
apparent  to  one  who  seeks  to  gain  a  clear  idea  of  the  Geology 
of  Rhode  Island.  Information  is  scattered  through  many  pub- 
lications, as  the  Index  shows.  Jackson's  Report  is  incomplete 
and  nearly  obsolete,  and  there  has  been  no  later  survey  to  col- 
lect information.  The  Franklin  Society  endeavored  to  secure 
a  new  survey  of  the  State  in  1875-6,  and  again  made  au  effort 
for  a  topographical  survey  in  1885-6  ;  but  thus  far  nothing 
has  been  accomplished.  This  Report  is  published  as  the  best 
contribution  the  Society  can  make  to  the  cause,  a  step  towards 
a  complete  survey  ;  for  a  knowledge  of  what  has  already  been 
learned  is  the  proper  foundation  on  which  to  build. 

As  early  as  1820  to  1840  much  attention  was  bestowed  by 
members  of  the  Franklin  Society  and  otliers  upon  the  minerals 
of  Rhode  Island  ;  and  when  we  consider  the  study  that  has 
since  been  given  them,  we  conclude  that  the  simple  minerals  of 
the  State  are  now  pretty  Avell  identified,  Avith  the  exception  of 
distinguishing  the  different  species  of  feldspar,  chlorite,  etc. 
It  is  natural  that  minerals  should  be  studied  before  rocks. 
Little  has  been  done  Avith  the   rocks  of  the  State,  and  Ave  have 


106  GEOLOGY     OF     KHODE     ISLAND. 

attempted  no  catalogue  of  them.  There  is  need  of  a  full  study 
, of  the  rocks  of  Rhode  Island,  such  as  is  found  in  the  New 
Hampshire  report  of  Hawes,  by  means  of  microscopic  sections 
and  the  modern  methods  for  the  separation  of  different  miner- 
als in  rocks,  and  for  olieniical  analysis,  as  outlined  in  Williams' 
"  Modern  Petrography,"  and  the  tenth  volume  of  the  tenth 
U.  S.  Census.  Such  a  study  a  new  geological  survey  should 
furnish. 

The  age  of  the  rocks  in  Rhode  Island  has  been  but  little 
studied  since  Jackson's  time,  with  the  exception,  perhaps,  ot 
the  Carboniferous  area,  the  Lincoln  limestones,  and  the  south- 
ern portion  of  the  Slate.  The  mouth  of  Narragansett  Bay  and 
the  vicinity  of  Newport  have  been  pretty  fully  studied  by  the 
Hitchcocks,  Shaler,  Hunt,  Crosby,  and  Dale  ;  and  Dale's  map 
of  that  region  [p.  51  of  this  Report]  is  the  most  exact  and 
complete  of  any  yet  published  for  any  part  of  the  State. 

Various  opinions  have  been  entertained  in  regard  to  the  age 
of  the  rocks  of  this  State.  The  general  tendency  of  the  changes 
of  opinion  in  later  years  has  been  to  regard  them  as  of  later 
origin  than  was  formerly  supposed  ;  but  certain  fluctuations, 
amounting  almost  to  an  ebb  and  flow  of  opinion,  ai'e  noticeable. 
Different  geologists  have  also,  at  nearly  the  same  time,  ex- 
pressed widely  different  opinions.  For  instance,  the  rocks 
on  Newport  Neck  called  "  chloritic  argillyte  "  and  "  siliceous 
argillyte "  by  Dale,  "'flinty  slate"  by  E.  Hitchcock,  and 
"  metamorphic  rocks"  by  Jackson,  are  made  of  Archcan 
(Huronian)  time  by  Hunt,  Taconic  or  Shawmut  group  (that 
is  pre-Potsdam  or  Cambrian)  by  Crosby,  Primordial  (lower 
Silurian  or  Ordovician)  by  Shaler,  and  possibly  Silurian  by 
Dale. 

No  one,  so  far  as  we  know,  with  a  single  exception,  has 
ever  supposed  any  of  the  rocks  of  Rhode  Island  to  be  of  Meso- 
zoic  age.  That  exception  is  the  suggestion,  arising  no  doubt 
from  the  color,  that  the  red  rock  of  Central  Falls  might  be 
Triassic  ;  but  this  I'ock  is  now  regarded  as  Carboniferous.  The 
range  of  opinion  then  is,  Paleozoic,  Archean,  or  igneous. 

One  class  of  rocks  may  now  be  considered  as  settled  in  age, 


GENERAL    RE3IAKKS.  107 

and  furnishing  a  standard  witli  wliicli  to  compare  the  others. 
These  are  tlie  rocks  of  the  region  about  Narragansett  Bay, 
running  nortli-easterly  into  Massachusetts,  now  considered  of 
Carboniferous  age.  IMaclure,  in  ISOO,  called  the  anthracite 
bearing  strata  of  both  Rhode  Island  and  Pennsylvania  '•  Tran- 
sition." Cleaveland,  in  1S16,  used  the  same  term  for  the 
Rhode  Island  area.  Jackson,  in  1840;  used  the  term  "Tran- 
sition Grau-wacke."  He  stated  tliat,  "  from  the  fossils  alone," 
a  geologist  would  make  the  graii-wacke  rocks  of  Rhode  Island 
"  identical  with  the  bituminous  coal  measures  of  England;" 
but  the  order  of  superposition,  and  the  structure  and  composi- 
tion of  the  rocks  themselves  led  him  to  consider  the  Rhode 
Island  rocks  more  ancient.  In  1840,  E.  Hitchcock  first  sug- 
gested that  a  portion  of  this  area,  previously  considered  more 
ancient,  might  be  of  Carboniferous  age, — a  position  approved 
by  Johnson,  Lyell,  and  others,  but  opposed  by  Emmons, — and 
in  1853  he  advanced  a  step  further,  declared  the  whole  tract 
Carboniferous,  the  Rhode  Island  coal  of  the  same  age  as  the 
other  coal  of  the  United  States  and  of  Europe,  and  gave  his 
reasons  therefor.  In  1800,  C.  H.  Hitchcock  advocated  the 
same  view,  and  it  has  been  generally  adopted  since  that  time. 

In  1880,  the  Carboniferous  area  was  still  further  extended  by 
Crosby  and  Barton,  who  added  to  it  the  red  and  green  slates, 
sandstones  and  conglomerates  of  Central  Falls  and  Cumber- 
land, previously  referred,  doubtfully,  to  the  Devonian  or  Old 
Red  Sandstone,  by  E.  Hitchcock.  Lyell,  and  Crosby.  Crosby 
and  Barton  conclude  that  the  lowest  or  conglomerate  rocks  of 
the  Central  Falls  sei'ies  are  older  than  the  true  coal  measures, 
and  are  the  equivalent  of  the  Millstone  Grit ;  and  that  tliere  is 
no  true  Sub-Carboniferous  in  Massacluisetts  or  Rhode  Island. 

The  other  rocks  of  the  State,  excepting,  of  course,  Tertiary 
and  more  recent  deposits,  underlie  the  Carboniferous,  and  are 
more  ancient.  This  class  includes  the  greater  portion  of  the 
rocks  of  the  State.  None  of  them  have  been  certainly  decided 
to  be  of  Silurian  or  Devonian  age,  though  Shaler  and  Dale 
.suggest  that  some  rocks  in  Newport  and  vicinity  may  be  Silu- 


108  GEOLOGY    OF    RHODE    ISLAND. 

rian,  and  tlio  Lingular  pebbles  of  the  Carboniferous  conglomer- 
ate were  probably  derived  from  lower  Silurian  rocks. 

These  ancient  rocks  were  called  "Primitive"  by  Cleaveland, 
and  "Primary"  by  Jackson,  who  considered  .most  of  them  to 
be  of  igneous  origin.  The  "  hornblende  rock  "  of  Cumber- 
land, Lincoln,  and  Johnston,  he  regarded  as  igneous,  also, 
though  sometimes  appearing  to  be  stratified.*  The  limestone 
contained  in  it,  although  stratified,  presents  no  fossils  ;  hence  we 
are  left  in  doubt  whether  it  was  the  result  of  life,  with  the  fos- 
sils obliterated  by  metamorphism,  or  was  formed  by  chemical 
deposition,  according  to  the  theory  of  Hunt.  The  same  crys- 
talline structure  and  absence  of  fossils  characterize  the  whole 
'  ^  Primary "  and  "hornblende"  formation  in  Rliode  Island, 
and  render  the  age  uncertain. 

Dana  marks  these  crystalline  rocks  of  Rhode  Island  as  un- 
determined,— tliat  is,  they  may  be  Archean,  Silui'ian,  or  Devo- 
nian. Most  recent  geologists  consider  the  greater  part  of 
them,  at  least,  Archean,  a  term  which  includes  both  Azoic 
and  Eozoic.  The  maps  of  C.  H.  Hitchcock,  1874-1886,  differ 
from  each  other,  and  some  of  them  give  Silurian  in  the  north- 
ern parts  of  the  State  ;  biit  in  all  of  them  he  gives  most  of  the 
tei-ritory  under  consideration  as  Archean  (Laurentian,  Huron- 
ian.  and  Montalban),  and  in  the  last  one  it  is  wholly  Archean 
(Laurentian),  Avith  no  Silurian.  The  map  of  the  U.  S.  Geo- 
logical Survey  published  in  1884  gives  this  area  as  Archean. 
Crosby  calls  most  of  the  crystalline  rocks  of  Rhode  Island  Ar- 
chean (either  Montalban  or  Huronian),  including  the  horn- 
blende rock  and  limestones  before  mentioned  ;f  but  Emmons 
called  the  limestones  Taconic,  and  Shaler  has  recently  sug- 
gested that  they  are  probably  Sub-Carboniferous.  Dale  has 
also  recently  said  i  that  it  would  not  be  surprising  if  some 
metamorphic  rocks,  now  regarded  as  of  Archean  age,  "  should 
be  ultimately  found  to  belong  to  the  Paleozoic." 


*Pp.  18,  19,  30,  :U,  Jackson,  and  pp.  'J,  10,  this  Report. 
fPp.  41,  42  of  this  Report. 
J  P.  52  of  tliis  Report. 


GENERAL    KEMAKKS.  109 

Enough  lias  been  stated  to  indicate  the  difficuUy  of  determin- 
ing the  age  of  these  crystalline  rocks  of  lihode  Ishmd,  and  the 
necessity  for  further  study  of  these  rocks,  which  occupy  so  large 
a  part  of  the  State. 

The  surftvce  geology  of  Rhode  Island  offers  a  rich  field  for 
investigation.  Dana  has  published  a  paper  which  treats  of  the 
shores  of  Narragansett  Bay,  Shaler  one  of  Newport,  and  Up- 
ham  and  Cliamberlin  have  given  us  the  results  of  their  study 
of  the  glacial  terminal  moraines  in  the  southern  part  of  the 
State  ;*  but,  with  tliese  exceptions,  little  has  been  done,  and 
in  the  greater  part  of  the  State  glacial  effects,  drift,  etc.,  have 
not  been  studied  at  all.  We  hope  to  see  this  department  as 
fully  presented  in  a  new  survey  of  Rhode  Island  as  was  done 
in  the  last  New  Hampshire  survey. 

As  a  basis  for  all  this  geological  work,  and  especially  for 
that  last  mentioned,  exact  topographical  maps  are  essential. 
When  describing  the  Massachusetts  maps,  Science  well  says  : 
"Enough  has  been  done  in  the  broad,  vague  way  of  distant 
continental  homologies  :  what  is  now  needed  is  the  local  exam- 
ination of  minute  topographic  details,  so  that  we  may  learn  to 
see  and  appreciate  the  forms  about  us  at  home  ;  and  nothing 
will  lead  sooner  or  surer  to  this  long-delayed  end  than  the 
publication  of  good  topographic  maps.  The  educational  value 
of  these  maps  will  alone  repay  the  people  of  Massachusetts 
over  and  over  again  for  their  share  in  the  cost  of  making 
them." 


The  following  references  could  not  be  inserted  in  their 
proper  order  in  Part  I.,  and  are  therefore  printed  here. 

1804.  Neiv  York  lledical  Beposilorij.  "  Disclosures  in 
Mineralogy  :  from  specimens  brought  to  Dr.  Mitchell."  Gi'een 
Serpentine  from  Newport,  R,  I.  Dark  gi'een,  with  spots  of 
paler  green,  "verging  in  some  parts  toward  a  yellow  or 
whitish;"     smooths    and  polishes  well,  possesses  a  fine  grain  ; 

*P.  25,  20,  31,  32,  37-39, 40,  47  of  this  Report. 


110  GEOLOGY    OF    RHODE    ISLAND. 

"  an  handsome  serpentine,  and  apparently  well  worthy  of  being 
worked." 

1844.  Ebenezer  Emmons.  "The  Taconic  System,  based 
on  observations  in  N.  Y.,  Mass.,  Me.,  Vt.,  and  R.  I.,"  68 
pp.  and  6  phites.  Same  as  "  AgricuUure,"  below,  so  far  as 
R.  I.  is  concerned. 

184G.  Ebenezer  Emmons.  "Natural  History  of  New 
York,  Part  V.,  Agriculture,"  Vol.  1.  Allusions  to  the  R.  I. 
coal  beds  and  "Old  Red  Sandstone,"  pp.  53-55,  76.  Argu- 
ments against  the  doctrine  of  Lyell  and  others  that  the  R.  I. 
anthracite  is  a  metamorphic  coal,  with  the  bitumen  dissipated 
by  heat ;  veins  of  quartz  not  injected  in  a  state  of  igneous  fu- 
sion, but  "  deposited  from  a  vapor  or  Avater  holding  silex  in 
solution." 

"  The  Taconic  System  in  Rhode  Island,"  pp.  90-93.  The 
Smithfield  limestone  is  clearly  stratified,  but  from  its  intimate 
relation  to  igneous  rocks  "  has  undergone  a  change  in  texture," 
and  the  peculiar  minerals  saussurite  and  nephrite  have  been 
developed,  with  talc  in  greater  quantities  than  in  any  beds  of 
limestone  examined  by  Emmons  elsewhere.  It  is  of  the  age  of 
the  Stockbridge  limestone  (Berkshire  marble)  of  the  Taconic 
system,  and  "  differs  from  the  Primary  limestone  of  St.  Law- 
rence and  Essex  counties.  New  York,  in  being  stratified,  and 
in  the  absence  of  graphite,  spinelle,"  etc.  He  finds  other 
members  of  the  Taconic  system  in  the  adjacent  magnesian  slate 
containing  serpentine  and  epidote,  quartz  rock,  etc.  ;  and  gives 
a  section  (Fig.  13)  exhibiting  "  the  relation  of  the  Taconic 
rocks  of  Smithfield  and  Cumberland,  together  with  the  adjacent 
rocks  upon  the  west  and  east,"  containing  a  trap  dyke  or  thin 
bed  of  hornblende  in  the  limestone.  Only  a  fragment  of  the 
system  remains,  vast  portions  having  been  worn  away  by  de- 
nuding agents,  and  carried  into  other  systems,  giviug  yellow 
soils,  beds  of  hematite,  etc. 

1854.       Leo    Lesquereux.       Boston    Journal   of  Natural 
History,  vol.  6,  pp.  409-431.     "  New  Species  of  Fossil  Plants, 


rUBLICATIONS .  Ill 

from  tlic  Anthracite  and  Bituminous  Coal-fields  of  Penn." 
Descriptions,  Avithoiit  plates,  with  introduction  by  H.  D. 
Rogers.  All  these  are  luidoubtedly  included  in  the  later  works 
of  Lesquereux,  Reports  on  111.,  Penn.,  etc. 

18S4.  G.  W.  Hawks,  C.  Kelly,  G.  P.  Merrill,  and 
N.  S.  SiiALEit.  Tenth  Census  of  the  United  States,  Vol.  X. 
"  Report  on  tlie  Building  Stones  of  the  United  States  and  Sta- 
tistics of  the  Quarry  Industry  for  1880."  Description  of 
Westerly  "  biotite  granite,"  p.  20,  plate  xxxix  [Merrill], 
quoted  p.  92  of  this  Report. 

Statistics  of  "crystalline  siliceous  rocks  "  quarried  in  R.  I., 
capital  invested,  amount  and  value  of  product,  etc.,  of  17 
quarries  collectively,  tables  I,  II,  III,  pp.  46-51. 

Location,  quarry  owners,  variety  of  stone,  color,  structure, 
and  geological  age  of  each  of  the  17  quarries  reported  in  R.  I., 
Table  IV.,  pp.  56,  57.  Eight  of  these  are  in  Westerly  (in- 
cluding 1  at  Niantic),  3  in  W.  Greenwich,  and  1  each  at 
Ne\v})ort,  Cranston,  Smithfield*  (4  miles  E.  of).  Diamond  Hill, 
Woousocket,  and  Pascoag.  Thirteen  yield  biotite  granite,  2 
gneissoid  granite  (Pascoag  biotite  gneiss,  and  Diamond  Hill 
hornblende  gneiss)  and  2  mica-schist  (Cranston  Fenner  and 
Woonsocket).  All  are  given  as  of  Archean  age  except  the 
Cranston  Fenner  ledge  (Carboniferous?  ).  Other  quarries  of 
the  State  are  not  included,  either  because  no  reports  were  re- 
ceived, or  because  less  than  $1,000  worth  of  stone  was  quar- 
ried in  the  year  1880. 

Shaler's  brief  report  on  the  building  stones  of  R.  I.  Lime- 
stone N.  and  E.  of  Providence  "  probably  belonging  to  the 
Lower  Coal  Measures  or  the  sub-Carboniferous  limestone,"  p. 
107.      "Syenites"!  of  Westerly  and  Bristol;    limestones  too 


*  Quarry  in  the  south-eastern  part  of  Smithfield,  near  tlie  North  Providence 
line.  The  Smithfield  Granite  Company  also  has  another  quarry  in  Johnston, 
about  one  mile  west  of  Snake  Den,  called  the  \Vm.  Waterman  quarry.  The 
Thurber  quarry,  which  lias  not  been  worked  for  a  number  of  years,  lies  between 
Snake  Den  and  Bear  Itock. 

t  We  fail  to  see  how  the  term  "  syenite  "  applies,  either  according  to  the  defi- 
nition of  Hawes,  or  the  difierent  one  of  Dana. 


112  GEOLOGY     OF     RHODE     ISLAXD. 

mucli  rent  by  joints  for  building  stones  ;*    conglomerates  of  the 
Coal  Measures  fitted  for  architectural  purposes,  p.  110. 

Stone  Construction  in  Newport,  p.  312  ;  Pawtucket,  pp. 
337-8  ;  Providence, t  pp.  349,  350  ;  Woonsocket,  pp.  3G2-3. 
This  gives  the  character  and  source  of  stone  used  in  various 
buildings.  Stone  from  tlie  Nipmuck  ledge,  near  Coventry,  is 
here  mentioned  as  used  in  Providence,  though  not  included  in 
the  preceding  tables. 

1886.  Raphael  Pumpelly.  Tenth  Geiisus  of  the  U.  S., 
1880,  Vol.  XV.  Analysis  of  magnetic  iron  ore  from  Iron 
Mine  Hill,  Cumberland,  pp.  566-7.  Coal  of  the  Mass.-R.  I. 
iirea  [F.  Prime,  Jr.],  p.  605.  Statistics  concerning  produc- 
tion of  R.  I.  coal  in  1880,  pp.  625-630. 

1886.  Charles  D.  Walcott.  Bulletin  of  the  U.  S. 
Geolog.  Survey,  vol.  iv.  No.  30.  "  Second  Contribution  to 
the  Studies*  of  the  Cambrian  Faunas  of  North  America." 
Notice  in  Science,  vol.  ix.  No.  226,  pp.  545-6.  Divides  early 
Paleozoic  (omitting  the  supposed  pre-Cambrian)  into  Cam- 
brian, Ordovician  (lower  Silurian),  and  Silurian  (upper  Si- 
lurian). Confirms  Emmons'  Avork  on  the  Taconic  system; 
central  idea  of  Emmons  "now  known  to  be  correct,"  "in 
classifying  the  Upper  Taconic  as  pre-Potsdam."  Walcott 
uses  Cambrian  in  place  of  Taconic. 

1887.  J.  "W.  Dawsox.  Science,  vol.  9,  p.  590.  Uses 
terms  Cambrian  and  Ordovician  (Siluro-Cambrian),  us  above. 

1887.  Providence  Journal.  "Our  own  Coal  and  Iron." 
Letter  of  W.  F.  Durfee  on  R.  I.  iron  and  coal,  June  3. 

"  The  Cranston  Mines.  Rhode  Island  Coal  an  Important 
Factor  in  the  State's  Commerce."  After  remaining  compara- 
tively idle  for  12  years,   the   mine   is  now    worked,  in   a   new 

*  Harris  limestone  was  used  for  trimmings  in  building  Hope  College,  Brown 
University,  in  1822. 

t  Various  inaccuracies  are  noted  in  the  portion  relating  to  Providence,  as  may 
be  seen  by  comparing  with  R.  I.  Census  of  1885.  The  Arcade  columns  and  the 
First  Congregational  church  are  said  to  be  of  "  Smithfleld  granite";  Saint 
Stephen's  church,  of  Conn,  brownstone  (probably  Grace  church  is  meant) ; 
"  Sayles  Memorial  church  at  lirown's  university,"  etc. 


PUBLICATIONS.  113 

shaft,  by  the  N.  Y.  Carbon  Iron  Co.,  and  the  coal  shipped  to 
Pittsburgh,  to  be  used  in  making  wrought  iron.  Feasibility  of 
profitably  manufacturing  pig  iron  from  Cumberland  ore,  mixed 
with  foreign  ores,  with  the  use  of  R.  I.  coal.  Gas  wells  pos- 
sible in  R.  I.     June  7. 

"  Coal  and  Iron.  Rhode  Island  Products  and  how  they  can 
be  used."  Report  of  addresses  of  W.  F.  Durfee,  ex-Gov. 
Lippitt,  and  others,  before  the  Board  of  Trade  ;  proposal  to 
start  blast  furnaces  at  tide  water ;  quotations  from  various 
authorities  on  the  value  of  R.  I.  coal  and  iron,  with  R.  I. 
limestone  for  flux.     June  8. 

"The  Cranston  Mines.  —  A  Curiosity."  Quality  of  Cran- 
ston coal ;  remarkable  spi'ing  near  the  mines.     June  8. 

^  Hon.  James  S.  Negley  on  R.  I.  Coal  and  Iron."  Extract 
from  N.   Y.  Tribune.     June  10. 

"A  New  Artesian  Well  in  Fall  River."  Strata  passed 
through,  Carboniferous  formation.     July  16. 

"  Rhode  Island  Coal,"  iron  ore,  and  fire  clays,  July  23,  from 
Springfield  Bepublican .  Shaler's  discussion  in  report  of  U.  S. 
Geol.  Survey  ;*  says  Cranston  coal  is  shipped  to  Pittsburgli  to 
be  used  in  making  steel. 

"  Rhode  Island's  Mineral  Wealth,"  July  30,  "  Geological 
Surveys,"  Aug.  1,  "  The  Need  of  a  Geological  Survey  of  the 
State,"  Aug.  2,  three  editoi'ial  articles  ;  also  "  Rhode  Island 
Affairs  in  Washington,"  Aug,  2,  correspondence,  Geol.  Survey* 
on  the  State's  Mineral  Springs  (6  localities  and  17  springs), 
and  Prof.  Shaler's  plan  for  the  reclamation  of  marshes  (list 
of  marshes  with  number  of  acres  in  each)  . 

1887.  Henry  Gannett.  Science,  July  29,  vol.  x,  pp. 
49-53.  "  Topogra])hical  Survey  of  the  United  States."  Full 
details,  with  cost,  etc. 

In  the  previous  number  of  Science,  p.  37,  is  an  editorial 
paragraph  on  "  The  Demand  from  Railway  Corporations  for 
the  Geological  Sui'vey  Maps." 

*A  brief  statement,  giving  a  synopsis  of  work  done,  appears  in  the  Sixth 
Annual  Report  of  the  Director,  for  1884-5.    The  full  report  on  the  Narragansett 
field  awaits  the  completion  of  the  topographic  maps,  and  it  may  be  some  years 
before  it  appears. 
8 


114  GEOLOGY    OF    RHODK    ISLAND. 

1886-7.  T.  Nklson  Dali-:.  Pioc.  Ncirport  Nat.  Hist. 
Soc,  Document  5.  '■'■  List  of  Minerals  und  Rocks  occurring 
in  the  vicinity  of  Newport."      [Not  yet  published]. 

1887.  Amos  Perry.  R.  I.  State  Census  of  1885.  In- 
teresting localities,  sources  of  stones  for  various  buildings,  etc. 
[Advance  sheets,  only,  yet  printed]. 

About  1885.  M.  K.  Wadsworth.  ''Descriptive  Cata- 
logue of  One  Hundred  Thin  Sections  of  American  and  Foreign 
Rocks,  for  the  use  of  Students  of  Microscopical  Lithology." 
Boston  :  The  Prang  F.ducational  Co.  Sections  1  and  2,  p.  5, 
are  "  Pallasite,  var.  Cumberlandite",  from  Iron  Mine  Hill, 
Cund:)erland,  R.  I.  No.  1  is  titaniferous  magnetite,  with  crys- 
tals of  olivine  and  plagioclase  ;  No.  2  is  the  altered  rock,  con- 
taining serpentine  and  actinolite,  without  feldspar.  Refers  to 
Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  ISSl,  xxi.  195-197.  See  also 
p.  44  of  this  Report. 


Rev.  P2dgar  F.  Clai'k  has  recently  found  some  interesting 
fossils,  at  Division  street,  Pawtucket,  which  have  not  yet  been 
fully  identified.  One  of  them  somewhat  resembles  a  trilobite  ; 
but  a  close  inspection  shows  that  it  does  not  belong  to  that 
family,  although  it  is  an  articulate.  In  a  letter  just  received, 
Prof.  Scudder  says:  "The  fossil  which  you  sent  from  the 
Pawtucket  coal  is  a  fragment  of  an  Antliracomartiis^  a  carbon- 
iferous genus  of  Arachnida,  and  is  possibly  new.  I  have 
described  two  species  from  this  country,  and  it  appears  to  be 
distinct  from  them,  but  whether  it  is  distinct  from  all  of  the 
species  of  the  J^uropean  coal  beds  I  could  not  undertake  to  say 
without  giving  it  a  closer  study  than  I  have  now  time  for.  .  .  . 
The  two  published  American  species,  A.  trilohitns  and  A.  piis- 
tulaius,  came,  the  first  from  Arkansas,  the  second  from  Illi- 
nois." 

DAVID  W.  HOYT,  1 

WELCOME  O.  BROWN,  I 

CHAKLES  M.  SALISBURY,  [  Committee. 
THOMAS  J.  BATTEY,  | 

THOMAS  H.  SHURROCKS,    J 

Providence,  September,  1887, 


INDEX. 


Absence  of  fossils,  108. 

Absence  of  sand,  26. 

Academy.  (See  Connecticut,  Jour- 
nal, Proceedings.) 

Actinolite,  7,  67,  83,  84,  90,  93,  114. 

Adams,  5,  14. 

Address  on  R.  I.  coal  mines,  6. 

Adhemar,  45,  47. 

Adirondacks,  20,  24. 

Agassiz,  8,  12,  13,  27. 

Agate,  66,  83. 

Age  of  R.  I.  coal,  12,  14,  16,  19,  20, 
107,  110. 

Age  of  R.  I.  rocks,  106-109. 

Aldrich,  60. 

Alethoi)teris,  68, 69,  72,  74. 

Alger,  14. 

Alkalies,  removal  of,  20. 

Alleghanies,  30. 

Allen,  33. 

Alluvial  formation,  3,  13. 

Alluvium,  19,  64. 

Almv,  ."iS. 

Almy  Farm,  90. 

Aluminous  rocks,  20. 

American  Assoc.  Adv.  Science, 
18,  24,  44.    (See  Proceedings.) 

American  Enamel  Co.,  103. 

American  Geog.  Soc,  32. 

American  Inst.  Min.  Eng.  (See 
Transactions.) 

American  Journal  of  Science,  4-8, 
10,  12,  14-16,  18,  20,  21,  24,  25,  27, 
31,  32,  35-37,  41,  43,  44,  47,  49-51, 
54,  79. 

American  Mineralog.  Journal,  3. 

American  Naturalist,  24,  25,  27, 28, 
36,  39,  53,  68,  72. 

American  Phil.  Soc,  3,  5. 

American  Soc.  Civ.  Eng.,  55. 

Amethyst,  5,  (i,  11,  56,  82,  92. 

Amianthus,  84. 

Amphibole,  84. 

Amphibolic  aggregate,  11,  57. 

Amygdaloid,  24. 

Analysis,  chemical,  106. 

Analvsis  of  Bowenite,  4. 

Analysis  of  Coal,  3,  6,  23,  34,  54, 
86,  87,  90,  93. 

Analysis  of  Iron  ore,  34,  87,  112. 

Analysis  of  Knebelite,  87. 


Analysis  of  Limestone,  62,  87,  88, 
90, 94, 95. 

Analysis  of  Masonite,  14,  13,  91. 

Analysis  of  Nephrite,  4. 

Analysis  of  Soils,  9. 

Andover,  43. 

Angell,  61. 

Angular  stones,  97. 

Annularia,  48,  51,  69,  76. 

Annals  Lj^c.  Nat.  Hist.,  5,  7. 

Anthony,  6. 

Anthracite,  3,  4,  6,  7,  12,  14,  17,  19, 
23,  28,  34,  41,  52,  63,  64,  86,  87,  90, 
91,  93, 94, 107, 110,  111.  (See  Coal.) 

Anthracomartus,  114. 

Anticlinal,  11,  42. 

Apatite,  20,  31,  52,  81,  87,  92. 

Aphlebia,  75. 

Appalachian,  20,  24,  .36, 

Ai)p()naug,  5,  91. 

Afjuidneck  Island,  16, 18, 19,  25-27, 
48,50,  51. 

Aquidneck  Coal  Co.,  3. 

Aqiiidneck  mine,  Ki. 

Arachnida,  114. 

Arcade  columns,  90,  112. 

Archrt'opteris,  75. 

Archean,  2,  29,  31,  51,  52,  55-57, 
106-109,  111. 

Area  R.  I.  and  Mass.  coal  meas- 
ures, 21. 

Argentiferous  galena,  65. 

Argcuitine  limestone,  62,  82. 

Argillaceous  iron  ore,  65. 

Argillaceous  schist,  51. 

Argillite,  7,  20,  26,  42,  51,  52. 

Arnold,  62,  67. 

Arnold's  quarry,  88. 

Arsenopyrite.  80,  87. 

Artesian  wells,-  57,  81,  95,  97-105, 
11.3. 

Articulate,  114.    (See  Insect.) 

Arvonian,  53. 

Asbestus,  4,  52,  64,  m,  67,  83,  84, 
91,  96. 

Ashton,  80. 

Asphalt  pavement,  88. 

Association  Amer.  Geol.,  12,  13. 

Asterophyllites,-49,  69,  76,  77. 

Atco,  45. 

Atlantic  formation,  29. 


116 


GEOLOGY     OF     RHODE     ISLAND. 


Atmospheric  changes,  20,  89. 
Attleboro',  14,  63. 
.A.ugite,  84. 
Austin's  Point,  58. 
Azoic,  2,  36,  52,  53,  108. 
Azurite,  80. 

Babbitt, »;. 

Babel,  83. 

Backbone  of  L.  I.,  13. 

Baker,  6. 

Balanced  rocks,  94.    (See  Rocking 
stones.) 

Ballon,  2,  60. 

Baltimorite,  86. 

Barber's  Height,  50. 

Barbour,  15. 

Barker,  95,  98,  100,  102-105. 

Barrington,  104. 

Barstovv  Stove  Co.,  102. 

Barton,  43,  56,  107. 

Basalt,  6. 

Basanite,  83. 

Battey,  .56,  114. 

Beacon  Hill,  34,  .35. 

Beacon  Pole  Hill,  59,  87. 

Bear  Rock.  90,  111. 

Beaver  Tail,  51. 

Bed-rock.    (See  Ledge.) 

Belgium,  16. 

Bennett's,  65. 

Bergeria,  77. 

Berkeley's  Seat,  .51. 

Berkshire  marble,  110. 

Beryl,  84,  92. 

Biotite.  44,  85,  92.  94,  111. 

Bishop's  Rock,  50. 

Bitter  spar,  82. 

Bituuien  dissipated,  110. 

Black  sand,  98.    (See  Iron  sand.) 

Blackstone  River,  41,  81,  82. 

Black  Point,  48. 

Blake,  22,  28,  29,  63. 

Blatta,  49. 

Blende,  65. 

Block  Island,  2,  5,  9,  1.3,  14,  32-35, 
37-39,  41,  45,  53,  56,  65,  66,  80,  81, 
84-86,  94. 

Blue  asbestus,  84. 

Board  of  Trade,  113. 

Bog  iron  ore,  23,  65,  81,  94. 

Bonnet  Point,  .50. 

Boring.    (See  Digging,  Artesian.) 

Bornia,  76. 

Bornite,  80. 

Boston,  3,  4,  6,  15,  21,  23,  28,  30,  31, 
37,  45,  55,  57,  58,  114. 

Boston  basin,  30,  42,  4.3. 

Boston  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.,  14,  69, 
110. 

Boston  Neck,  58. 

Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  (See  Me- 
moirs, Proceedings.) 


Botryoidal  chalcedony,  83. 
Botryoidal  hematite,  65,  80. 
Boulders,  5,  10-13,  19,  26-28,  30,  31 

33,  34,  .38,  45,  47,  48,  52,  54,  56,  64, 

81,  87-92,  94,  95,  97-99. 
Bourn,  55. 
Bowen,  4. 

Bowenite,  4,  15,  67,  86,  88. 
Bowlders.    (See  Boulders.) 
Braintree.  42,  43. 
Brande's  Iron  Works,  .58,  60. 
Breccia,  62. 
Brewery  sewage,  103. 
Bristol,  5,  6,  11,  12, 49,  .55,  63,  64,  66, 

73,  76-80,  82-84,  86,  92,  93, 104,  111. 
Bristol  County,  15,  16,  42. 
Bristol  Ferry,  92. 
Bristol  Neck,  64,  67,  92,  104. 
Broad  Hills,  ,38. 
Brongniart,  68-78. 
Brown,  .56,  62,  65,  114. 
Brown  and  Sharpe  Co.,  101. 
Brown  hematite,  65,  81. 
Brown  spar,  7,  66,  82. 
Brown's  (luarry,  59,  62,  67,  68,  90. 
Brown   University,  71.  73,  74,  76, 

88,  112. 
Bruce,  3. 
Brush,  8,  15. 
Buffalo,  .55. 

Building  stones,  111,  112,  114. 
Bulletin  Museum  Comp.  Zool.,  44, 

52. 
Bulletin  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  53, 112. 
Bunburv,  69,  71. 
Bunker  Hill,  38. 
Burleigh,  53. 
Burbank,  33. 

Burrillville,  11,  56,  60,  82,  83. 86,  95. 
Butterfly  factory,  88. 

Cacholong,  67,  83. 
Calamarieai,  75-77. 
Calamites,  64,  69,  75,  76,  91. 
Calamostaehys,  49,  77. 
Calciferous  mica  slate,  60. 
Calcite,  61,  62,  81,    85,  88.     (See 

Limestone.) 
Calc-spar,  61,  81. 
Callipteridium,  72. 
Calumet  Hill,  53,  80,  87. 
Clambrian,  10,  24,  30,  36,  43,  45,  79, 

106,  112. 
Cambrian  faunas,  T12. 
Cambridge,  30,  44,  52. 
Canada,  14.  21,  22,  .36,  52,  56. 
Canadian  Naturalist,  24,  28. 
Canadian  Geol.  Survey,  21,  53. 
Cannon  cast,  .34. 
Cape  Cod,  23,  26,  28,  34,  37,  39,  44, 

45. 
Carbonaceous  slate,  64,  67,96. 
Carbonates,  formation  of,  20. 


INDEX. 


117 


Carbonic  acid  in  air,  20. 
Carboniferous  flora,  40,  41,  53,  68- 

79. 
Carboniferous  formation,  2-4,  (}- 

12,   14-24,   2G-31,  M,  40-43,  50-57, 

t)2-G4,    (J8-79,  93,    94,    96,    98-104, 

106-108,  110-113. 
Carbon  Iron  Co.,  113. 
Carnelian,  8,  83. 
Case's  mine,  Iti,  63. 
Castle  Hill,  S2,  86. 
Catalogue,  Jackson's,  58-68. 
Catalogue  of  fossils.  68-79. 
Catalogue  of  geol.  maps,  53. 
Catalogue  of    geol.    surveys,  40. 

(bee  Keports.j 
Catalogues  of  minerals,  6, 8,  65-68, 

79-86, 114. 
Cat's  eve,  82. 
Census,  R.  I.,  112,  114, 
Census,  U.  S.,  92,  106,  111,  112. 
Center  of  gravity  of  earth,  45,  47. 
Central  Falls,  43.  81,  83.  106, 107. 
Chace,  33. 
Chalcedony,  66,  83. 
Chalcopyrite.     (See    Copper   pj^- 

rites.) 
Chaniberlin,  4<5.  47,  49, 109. 
Champlain  Island,  29. 
Champlain  period,  26-28,  31,  32, 36, 

49. 
Changes  of   level,   29,   42.     (See 

Land.) 
Changes  of  opinion,  106. 
Channing,  33. 
Charles  River,  23. 
Charlestown,  38,  92. 
Charts,  coast  survey,  27,  33,  41. 
Chasms.  31, 50, 93.    (See  Fissures.) 
Chemical.    (See  Analysis.) 
Chemical  deposition  of  rocks,  108. 

(See  Hunt.) 
Chert,  19. 
Chesterlite.  85. 
Chin  Hill,  38. 
Chlorite,  8,  19.  51,  52,  68,  83,  86,  87, 

90,  93,  94,  106. 
Chlorite-spar,  15. 
Chloritic  argillvte,  51,  106. 
Chloritic  rock,  68. 
Chloritic  schist,  20,  51. 
Chloritic  slate,  42,  61,  62. 
Chloritoid,  15,  86. 
Chloroi>hane,  81. 
Church.  (J4. 
Church's  quarry,  62. 
Chrysolite,  44,  84,  94. 
Chrysolitic  iron  ore,  81. 
Chrvsotile,  86. 
Citrine,  82. 

City  engineer,  40,  95,  99,  101. 
Claremont,  21. 


Clark,  49,  55,  69-79,  114. 

Clay,  28,  31,  33-35,  38,  39,  50,  52,  54, 
64,  94,  97-104. 

Clay  Head,  3.5,  38. 

Clay  iron  stone,  80,  94. 

Clay  slate,  52. 

Clayville,  59. 

Cleaveland,  3,  107.  108. 

Cliffs,  50,  105. 

Coal,  2-4,  6-8,  10.  12,  14-17,  19,  22- 
24,  28,  34,  41,  47,  52.  .54,  55,  63,  64, 
86.  87,  90,  91,  93,  94,  96,  98,  107, 
110-112,  113.  (See  Age,  Analy- 
sis.) 

Coal  ashes,  63,  64. 

Coal  companies,  2,  3,  8,  23,  113. 

Coal  fields,  15,  16,  19,  20,  22,  28,  52, 
69,  110,  111. 

Coal  flora,  40,  41,  53,  68-79. 

Coal  measures,  2,  11,  16,  17,  19.  26- 
28,  29,  43,  49,  51,  52,  62-64,  69, 104, 
107,  110-112.    (See  Area.) 

Coal  mines,  3,  6,  15,  16,  19,  23,  41, 
62.  64,  6.5,  87,  91,  9.3,  112,  113. 

Coal,  statistics  of ,  17,  112. 

Coaster's  Harbor  Island,  19,  50, 
105. 

Coast  Survev,  25-27,  33,  41. 

Cobble-stones,  54, 102, 104. 

Coddington  Cove,  50. 

College  Hill,  90. 

Coloration  of  geol.  maps,  56. 

Commission  of  1876,  9,  33. 

Committee,appointment,l  ;names, 
114. 

Conanicut  Island,  10,  50-.52,  61,  86, 
94.    (See  Jamestown.) 

Concord,  14,  29. 

Concretion,  92. 

Conglomerate,  6,  IO-12,  16.  18-22, 
26,  27,  29-31,  33,  42,  43.  48,  49,  51, 
52,  63,  88,  91-93,  96,  101,  1015-105, 
107,  108,  112. 

Conglomerate,  formation  of,  52. 

Congress,  Geological,  56. 

Connecticut,  8,  12,  13,  34.  41. 

Connecticut  Academy  of  Arts  and 
Sciences,  7,  27. 

Connecticut  Geol.  Reports,  8,  12, 
13. 

Connecticut  River,  13,  15, 25,  32, 47, 
49. 

Connecticut  valley,  17,  25,  .36,  44. 

Contents  of  this  Report,  1. 

Cook,  36,  48,  58,  60. 

Copperas,  66,  81. 

Copper  carbonate,  65,  80. 

Copper  mine,  65. 

Copper  Mine  Hill,  87. 

Copper  ore.  10,  11,  87. 

Copper  pyrites,  65,  66,  80. 

Coral,  35. 


118 


GEOLOGY     OF     RHODE     ISLAND. 


Cordaitetp,  78. 

Cordaites,  78. 

Cost  of  topog.  surveys,  113. 

Cove  basin,  nl,  101,  102. 

Coventry,  82,  84-8fi,  94,  112. 

Cranberry  Hill,  38. 

Cranston,  10,  19,  23,  34,  54,  59,  (il- 

05,  07,  80-80,  91,  100,  102, 103.  111. 
Cranston  coal  mine,  34,  54,  91, 112, 

113. 
Cranston  iron  mine,  23,  34,  59,  6."), 

07,  80,  91. 
Crenitic  theory,  .57. 
Cretaceous,  28.  50. 
Crocidolite,  84. 
Croll,  47. 
Crosby,  30,  41-43,  50,  56,  79,  100- 

108. 
Crystalline  rocks,  2,  20,  23,  24,  30, 

3(),  45,  52, 57-59, 108, 109,  111.  (See 

Origin.) 
Crystallography,  35. 
Cumberland,  2-7,  9-12,  16,  19,  23, 

41,  43-45,  .53,  .58-08,  79-87, 107, 108, 

110,  112,  114. 
Cumberland  coal  mine,  02, 64,65,87. 
Cumberland  Hill,  .58-62,  6.5-68,  87. 
Cumberland  iron  boulders,  10,  12, 

19,  ()4,  81. 
Cumberland  iron  ore,  10,  2.3,  .34,  44, 

45,  53,  55,  .57,  60,  65-07,  81,  85,  87, 

112-114. 
Cumberlandite,  114. 
Cuttyluink,  .33. 
Cyanite,  4,  85. 
Cyclopteris,  71. 

Dale,  48,  50-52,  57,  01,  81,  85,  86,  93, 

94.  106,  108,  114. 
Damming  of  streams,  .32,  46. 
Dana,  E.  S.,  8,  35. 
Dana,  J.  D.,  8, 14,  21,  25,  27,  28,  .31, 

32,  44,  47,  49,  79, 108,  109,  111. 
Date  of  glacial  era,  41,  4.3,  44. 
Davis,  6,  45.  46,  54. 
Dawson,  112. 
De  la  Beche,  13. 
Demand  for  maps,  113. 
Dendrites,  62,  82,  83,  88. 
Dendritic  talc,  86. 
Denison.  40. 
Devil's  Foot,  00,  94. 
Devonian,  14, 16,  24,  2(),  43, 107, 108. 
Dexter.    (See  Lime  Rock.) 
Diamond  Hill,  .59,  66,  67,  80-83,  87, 

111. 
Diamond  Hill  quarry,  87. 
Dietyopteris,  68,  69,  71. 
Digging  and  Boring,  95-105. 
Dighton,  19. 
Dikes.    (See  Dykes.) 
Diluvial  currents,  12. 


Diluvial  grooves,  10. 

Diluvium,  64. 

Diorite,  20,  24. 

Dij),  11,  10,  19,  23,  41,  48,  50,  89,  90. 

Direction.  (See  Glacial  motion, 
Gla.  striae,  Transportation.) 

Disintegrating  rock,  89. 

Distortion  of  pebbles,  11,  18,  19, 
21,  22,  27,  29,  31,  33,  42,  93. 

Distortion  theories,  18,  19,  21,  22, 
31,  93. 

Division  line  between  till  and 
modified  drift,  96,  97. 

Dodge,  30. 

Dog-tooth  spar,  82. 

Dolomite,  11,  12,  19,  20,  23.  24,  29, 
42,  82,  87,  88.  (See  Magnesian. 
Origin.) 

Double-refraction  spar,  82. 

Drift,  2,  11,  13.  19,  23,  20,  28,  29,  .32, 
34-39,  4.5-47.  .54,  97,  109.  (See 
Boulders,  Clay,  Col)ble-stones, 
Gravel,  Hills,  Pebbles,  Sand, 
Till,  Transportation.) 

Drift,  depressions  in.  (See  Gla- 
cial de|)ressions.) 

Drift  direction,  13.  (See  Glacial 
striae.  Transportation.) 

Drift-hills,  54.     (See  Hills.) 

Drift,  modified,  29,  31,  38,  39,  90.  97, 
100. 

Drift  sections,  45. 

Drift,  theories  of,  13.  (See  Gla- 
cial, Iceberg.) 

Drift,  unmodified,  97.  (See  Till, 
Hard-pan.) 

Drownville,  104. 

Drumlins,  45,  54. 

Drum  Rock,  5,  91. 

Drums,  54. 

Dumplings,  19,  52,  85,  94. 

Dunes,  3(i. 

Durfee,  112,  113. 

Durfee's  ledge,  <i4,  91. 

Dutch  Island,  50,  51. 

Dyerville,  100. 

Dykes,  10,  31,  30, 156,  59,  93,  110. 

Eagle  Park,  100. 

Earth's  center  of  gravity,  45,  47. 

East  Greenwich,  .32,  82-84,  104. 

East  Haven,  13. 

East  Island.  51. 

Easton,  is. 

Easton's  Beach,  .50. 

Easton's  Point.  19.  48,  51. 

East  Providence,  78,  79,  81,  84,  86, 

91,  99,  103. 
Eaton,  4,  7. 
Eddy,  5,  53. 
Edinboro',  17. 
Edward's,  60,  67. 


INDEX. 


119 


Elizabeth  Ishinds,  33,  34,  37,  3<i. 

Elliptical  hills,  54. 

Elm  Fai-iii,  80.  90. 

Elongation  of  pebbles.  (See  Dis- 
tortion.) 

Emmons,  A.  B.,  .54. 

Emmons,  E.,  17,  85,  107,  108,  110, 
112. 

Engineer  and  Mining  Jonrnal,  '>7. 

England,  1(5,  107. 

Eozoan,  52. 

Eozoic,  2,  28,  29,  .52,  108. 

Epidote,  7,  (il,  67,  85,  87,92,  94, 110. 

EJndote  rock,  20,  ,59. 

Eremopteris,  70. 

Erosion,  13,  15,  17,  22,  25,  .30,  31,  47. 
(See  Glacial,  Excavation.) 

Erui»tive  rocks,  37,  44,  51,  .57.  (See 
Igneous.) 

Eskers,  34,  41. 

Essays,  Cliem.  and  Geol.,  21,  28. 

Essex  Co.,  N.  Y.,  110. 

Estuary  formations,  ;!1. 

Europe,  7,  Ki,  27. 

Excavation  of  lake  basins,  22,  31, 
45.  4(5. 

Exeter,  91. 

Faces,  natural,  88,  91. 

Fall  River,  10,  18,  31,  4:5,  79,  113. 

Fall  River  News,  57. 

False  topaz,  82. 

Farniington,  49. 

Fasieulite,  84. 

Faults,  11,30.49. 

Faunas.  79,  112,  114. 

Feldsi)ar,  11,  20,  24,  44,  58,  (57,  8.5, 

87.  92-94,  104, 10(5,  114. 
Feldspar  rock,  .59. 
Felsite,  20,  42. 

Fenner's  ledge,  91.  102,  103,  ill. 
Ferns,  fossil,  (54,  (58-75. 
Ferns,  fossil,  no.  of.  79. 
Ferruginous.    (See  Iron.) 
Ferruginous  conglomerate,  101. 
Field's  Point,  90,  103. 
Filicacepe,  (58-75. 
Fiords,  25,  28,  3(5. 
Fire-clays,  113. 
Firestone,  (51,  (55. 
First  Cong.  Ch.,89,  112. 
Fisher's  Island,  13,  37,  39. 
Yissures,    48,    49,    50.    93.      (See 

Chasm,  Joints.) 
Flinty  slate,  11,  42,  51,  61,  81. 
Floating  island,  88. 
Floods,  31,  32,  47,  5(5,  97. 
Floras.  40,  41.  53.  68-79. 
Fluorite.    (See  Fluor-spar.) 
Fluor-spar,  4,  5,  (56, 81, 8(5,  87,  90,  92. 
Flux,  113. 
Folds,  30,  32,  49.    (See  Anticlinal.) 


Fort  Adams,  8,  10,  61-63,  94. 

Fort  Hill,  38. 

Fortification  agate,  83. 

Fossil   animals,  43,  49,  5.5,  79.  114. 

(See  Lingula.) 
Fossil  fruits,  56,  78. 
Fossil   plants,  4,  14,  Ki,  19,  48,  49, 

53,  .56,  64,  68-79,  87,  90-94,  110. 
Fossils,  4,  12.  14,  1(5-19.  26,  31,  32, 

;58,  40,  41,  4.3,  48,  49,  51,  53,  .55,  .56, 

(54,  68-79,  87,  90-94.  108,  110,  112, 

114. 
Fossils,  absence  of,  108. 
Fossils,  catalogue  of,  (58-79. 
Fossils  obliterated,  108. 
Foster,  5,  1.3,  (55,  80-82.  84-86. 
Foster  Banking  Co.,  65. 
P'ox  Point,  99. 
France,  1(5. 
Franklin   Society,  1.  6,  33,  53,  55, 

.56.  .58.  61.  68, 105. 
French  chalk,  8(5. 
Furnaces,  iron,  .55.  .57,  113. 
Fusion  of  anthracite,  4. 

Galena,  65,  80,  87. 

Galenite.    (See  Galena.) 

(rannett,  113. 

Gardiner's  Island.  38. 

Gardner.  32. 

Garnet,  52,  67,  84,  86,  87,  92,  94. 

Gasholder,  103. 

Gas,  natural.  57,  113. 

G;iv  Head.  37,  38. 

Gcinitz,  69,72,76.78, 

General  Assembly,  2,  .3,8,  9,22,  33, 

.55,  57. 
General  Remarks,  105-109. 
Geneva,  100. 
Geodes,  81,  83. 
Geological  Congress,  .5(5. 
Geological  Magazine,  57. 
Geolbgical  Railway  Guide,  40. 
Geological.    (See  Journal,  Maps, 

Reports.  Sections,  Surveys.) 
Geology,  general  works  on,  3,  4, 

17,  21, 
Germar,  6!t,  76. 
Gibbs,  48. 

Gills'  Reform  School.  103. 
Glacial  deposits,  23,  26,  34,  38,  39, 

45,  ,50.      (See    Drift,    Drumlins, 

Eskers,  Kames.  Moraines,  etc.) 
Glacial  depressions,  13,  25,  3.3,  34, 

45,  46. 
Glacial  erosion,  22,  26,  30,  31,  45- 

47,  51. 
Glacial  floods,  31,  32,  47,  49. 
Glacial  motion,  25,   27,  31,  44,  46. 

49,  54,  94.    (See  Transportation.) 
Glacial  period,  2,  22.  23,  2.5-31,  37, 

40,  41,  43-47,  49.     (See  Date.) 


120 


GEOLOGY    OF    RHODE    ISLAND. 


Glacial  periods,  several,  20,  27,  :50, 

31,  45,  40,  4i). 
Glacial  streams,  25,  48. 
Glacial  striae,  10,  11,  i:5,  19,  25-27, 

30,  38-40,  45.  47,  54,  87,  89-94. 
Glacial  theories,  8,  12,  13,  27,  29, 

44-47,  52,  .54. 
Glaciated  area  of  X.  Amer.,  5.3. 
Glacier,  head  of  New  Eng.,  25. 
Glacier,  melting  of,  31. 
Glaciers  and  their  effects,  2,  8,  12, 

1.3,  17,  22,  23,  2.5-41,  43-54,  50,  89- 

94,  97,  109.    (See  Fiords,  Trans- 
portation.) 
Glaciers,  continental,  20, 28,  31, 45. 
Glaciers,  local,  27,  28. 
Glocester,  81,  82,  85,  95. 
Gneiss,  9,  10,  13,  17,  20,  21,  28,  3.3, 

37,  41,  51,  59.  00,  85,  87,  89,  92,  94, 

111. 
Goat  Island,  .50,  104. 
Goeppert,  ()9,  71,  72,  74.  78. 
Gold,  80,  95. 
Goniopteris,  73,  74. 
Gooch,  54. 

Governors'  messages,  33,  55,  57. 
Grace  Church,  112. 
Granite,  9-13,  17,  19,  24,  34,  41,  42, 

50,  51,  58,  (30,  02,  07,  85,  87-92,  94, 

103, 104,  111,  112. 
Grant,  58. 
Graphite,  20,  52,  .5.3,  80,  83,  87,  90, 

91,  9.3, 110.     (See  Plumbago.) 
Grau-wacke.    (See  Graywacke.) 
Gravel,  13,  33,  34,  35,  50,  90, 96-104. 
Gray,  29,  55,  62. 
Graywacke,  6,  9-12,  60-03,  91,  90, 

104,  107. 
Graywacke  slate,  01,  03. 
Great  Pond,  35. 
Greenland,  45. 
Green  Mts.,  24,  28,  :i<5. 
Greenstone,  9,  59,  93. 
Greylock,  57. 
Grit,  10,  19,  51. 

Grooves.    (See  Glacial  striae.) 
Gulf  of  Maine,  29,  42. 
Gull  Island,  13, 
Gull  Rocks,  50. 
Gutbier,  69,  73,  75,  76. 
Gypsum,  20,  m,  81. 

Hagar,  21. 

Haldeman,  17. 

Hall,  20. 

Hanging  Pocks.  48,  51,  93. 

Harbor  Pond,  34. 

Harbors,  origin  of,  20. 

Hard-pan,   39,    97,    100,    102,    104. 

(See  Till.) 
Harden's,  64. 
Hare,  6. 


Harris,  65. 

Harris  ledge,  91.  (See  Lime  Rock,) 

Harrisburg,  30,  40. 

Hartford,  34. 

Harvard,  .33. 

Harvard  College,  44,  52. 

Hawes,  30,  100,  111. 

Hayes,  15. 

Hearth-stones,  88. 

Heat,  internal,  22. 

Hematite,  2.3,  34,  05,  80,  81,  87,  91, 

110. 
Herman,  15. 
Hickory  nuts,  .36. 
Highest  point,  88. 
Hill  removed,  99. 
Hills,  .32,  .50,  90,  91. 
Hills  of  drift,  13,  14,  34,  38,  45-47, 

54,  99. 
Hitchcock,  C.  H.,  18-22,  28,  29,  34, 

37,  44,  47,  48,  50, 55,  56,  69-78, 106- 

108. 
Hitchcock,  E.,  10-18,  21,  24,  31,  42, 

4.3,  47,  50,  57,  69,  87,  106,  107. 
Hodge.  15. 
Hoffman,  69,  71. 
Holbrook,  58. 
Holley,  34. 
Holmes,  21. 
Hopkins,  90,  m. 
Hopkinton,  67,  85. 
Hornblende,  53,  65,  67,  83,  84,  87, 

93,  110. 
Hornblende  gneiss,  87, 
Hornblende  rock,  9,  24,  41,  42,  59, 

(;5,  90,  108. 
Hornblende  schist,  37,  51,  57. 
Hornblende  slate,  11,  12,  01. 
Horn  stone,  83. 

Household  Sew.  Mach.  Co.,  98. 
Hoyt,  5.5,  71,  72,  114. 
Hudson  Bay,  25. 
Hudson  River,  29. 
Hummock,  35. 
Hunt,  20,  21,  23-25, 28-30,  .30,  37,  50, 

53,  57,  106,  108. 
Hunt's  Mill,  91. 
Hunting  Hill.  59,  03. 
Huronian,  19,  20,  24,  29,  36,  41,  53, 

50,  106,  108. 
Hutton.    (See  Lindley.) 
Hymenophyllites,  70. 
Hypozoic,  2,  17. 

Ice,  56.    (See  Glaciers,  Icebergs.) 

Icebergs,  25,  52. 

Iceberg  theory,  13,  27,  47. 

Ice  cai)s,  polar,  45,  47. 

Ice.  eroding  power  of,  .30,  36, 45,  46, 

47. 
Iceland  spar,  82. 
Ice  melting.    (See  Floods.) 


INDEX. 


121 


Ice  melting  below  32°,  31. 

Ide's  ledge,  91. 

Igneous  rocks,  9,  10,  17,  19,  36,  51, 

106,  108,  110.    (See  Eruptive.) 
Illinois,  1(),  68,  111. 
Ilmenite.  23.  81,  92. 
Ilvaite,  4,  85. 
Indian  Burying  Hill,  .38. 
Indian  ledge,  90. 
India  Point,  99. 
Infusorial  earth,  83. 
Indurated  slate,  61,  63. 
Indurated  talc,  86. 
Insect,  fossil,  49,  55.  79. 
International  Geol.  Cong.,  56. 
Iowa,  16. 
Ireland,  63. 
Iron  Mine  Hill,  44,  tiO,  81,  87,  112, 

114.    (See  Cumberland.) 
Iron  mines,  23,  34,  m,  6.5-67,  80,  91. 
Iron  ores,  5.  6,  8,  10-12,  19,  20,  23, 

31,  34,  44,  45,  52,  53.  55.  64-67,  80, 

81,   87,    94,    100.   112-114.       (See 

Analysis.) 
Iron  pyrites.    (See  Pyrite.) 
Iron  sand,  5,  23, 34,  35, 53,  81, 94,  98. 
Iron  Trade  Review,  55. 
Iron  vitriol,  81. 
Island,  floating,  88. 

Jackson,  C.  T.,  8.  12,  14,  15,  18,  21. 
Jackson's  Catalogue,  58-68. 
Jackson's  R.   I.  Report,  8-10,  17, 

41,  42,  50,  52,  70,  72,  73,  79,  81.  83, 

84,  87,  88,  90.  91,  93-95,  105-108. 
Jackson,  W.  M.,  97,  98. 
Jamestown,    80-86,  94.    (See  Co- 

nanicut.) 
Jamestown  Ferrv,  51. 
Jasper,  8,  11,  19,  67,  83,  94. 
Jenckes,  60,  08. 
Jenkins,  59,  61,62. 
Jenkins'  quarry,  90. 
Johnson,  12, 107. 
Johnston,  9,  41,  59,  61-63,  66-68, 80- 

86,  89,  100,  108,111. 
Johnston,  A.  K.,  17. 
Jointer  ledge,  59,  61. 
Joints,   12,  19,  21,  93.    (See  Fis- 

siirGS.) 
Joints,  theories  of,  18,  21,  48,  49. 
Journal  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  4,  6. 
Journal  Geol.  Soc.  London,  14,  70. 
Journal.     (See  American,  Boston, 

Manufacturers,  Providence.) 

Kame  rivers,  48. 

Kames,  30,  33,  .34,  .36,  37,  39.  41,  43- 

46,  53,  54,  56. 
Kaolinite.  86. 
Kelly,  111. 
Kettle-holes,  41. 


Kettle  Point,  99. 
Keweenian,  36. 
Kidston,  70. 
Kilkenny,  63. 
King,  3.3,  48. 
Knebelite,  67,  84,  85,  87. 
Knight,  59. 
Knigiit's  hotel,  59. 
Kyanite,  85. 

Labrador,  22,  45. 
Labradorian,  24,  29,  36. 
Labradorite,  85. 
Lake  basins,  22,  .31,  45,  46. 
Land,  depression  of,  22,  28,  29,  31, 

32,  35,  40,  45,  47. 
Land,  elevation  of,  5,  27,  31,  40,  44, 

47,  55.    (See  Level.) 
Lantern  Hill,  13. 
Laurentian,  19,  20,  24, 29,  36,  5.3,  56, 

lOK. 
Lauren  tide  Mts.,  20. 
Ledges,  34,  40,  46,  54,  59,  61,  87-96, 

98-105. 
Lenticular  hills,  34,  37,  39,  4.5,  54. 
Lepidodendron,  77. 
Lepidophyllum,  77,  78. 
Lepidostrobus,  77. 
Leslie,  33. 
Lesquereux,  19,  20,  40,  41,  53,  68- 

79,  110,  111. 
Level,  changes  of,  29,   42.     (See 

Land.) 
Lewis,  28,  35. 
Lievrite,  4,  85. 

Life,  evidence  of  earliest,  20, 31,  52, 
Lignite,  34,  38,  56,  86,  94. 
Lime,  88,  90. 

Lime,  carbonate  of.    (See  Lime- 
stone.) 
Lime  (Rock)  Islands,  50,  59,  62,  94. 
Lime  Rock,  81-86,  88. 
Lime  Rock,  Dexter,  61,  80,  81,  8.3, 

85,  86,  88. 
Lime  Rock,  Harris,  .58,  59,  61,  62, 

67,  68,  81,  86,  88,  112. 
Lime  Rock,  Middle,  59,  61,  62,  65, 

67,  88. 
Limestone,  11,  12,  19,  20,  24,  30, 41.- 

4.3,  52,  55,  61,  62,  66-68,  81,  82,  85, 

87,  88,  90,  94,  95,  lOti,  108, 110-113. 
Limestone,  black,  82. 
Limestone,  blue,  62,  82. 
Limestone  breccia,  62. 
Limestone,  buff,  62. 
Limestone,  granular,  62,  65,  82,  90. 
Limestone,  green.  62.  67,  82. 
Limestone,  yellow,  82. 
Limestone.    (See  Dolomite,  Mag- 

nesian.  Origin,  Stratified.) 
Limonite,  61,  81,  91.    (See  Brown 

Hematite.) 


122 


GEOLOGY    OF    RHODE    ISLAND. 


Lincdlu,  70-S(),  .SS,  104,  10(i,  108. 

Liiulley  and  Huttoii,  (iO,  75,  7H,  78. 

Lin^nila.  18,  'iii,  :u,  4:!,  48,  .",1,  7!),  108. 

Linfi;iil(!lla,  7!i. 

LiiJpitt,  :'.:?,  113. 

Little    Coini)ton,  10-12,  30,  48,  r,8, 

83. 
Liverinore,  34. 

Localities,  Interesting,  87-9.J,  114. 
Logan,  20,  21,  .■)3. 
London,  14,  17,  :'>7,  70. 
Long  Island,  2.  13,  14,  23,20-28,32, 

34-3il,  41,  44-40,  40,  50,  53. 
Long  Island  Sound,  13,  31,  92. 
Lotteries,  2,  3. 

Louis(iulsset  pike,  58,  60,  02,  03. 
Lyceum.    (See  Annals.) 
Lycopodlaceie,  77,  78. 
Lydian  stone,  83. 
Lyell,  13,  14,  27,  107,  110. 
Lyman,  22. 

Macfarlane,  40. 

Mackerel  Cove,  04. 

Maclure,  3,  107. 

Macrostacliya,  77. 

Magnesia,  23. 

Magnesian  limestone,  24,  30.  42, 
61,  (12,  82.    (See  Dolomite.) 

Magnesian  rocks,  20. 

Magnesian  slate,  110. 

Magnetic  iron  ore,  5,  (i,  10,  23,  34, 
44,  53,  (i.5-67,  81,  112.  (See  Cum- 
berland iron.) 

Magiu'lic  sand.    (See  Iron  sand.) 

Magn(>tite,  10,  ;54,  44,  63,  Oli,  81,  87, 
90,  92,  93,  95,  114. 

Magnetite  eruptive,  44. 

Magnetite  metaniorphio,  44. 

Maine,  8,  21,  22.  29,  41,  47,  110. 

Maine  Geol.  Reports,  8,  21. 

Malaeliite.  80. 

■NlanHnillary  chalcedony,  83. 

Manimillary  hematite,  80. 

Mammillary  hills,  54. 

Man,  ()1. 

Manganese,  7,  23,  66;  81,  82,  88. 

Manganese,  black  oxide,  6ii,  81. 

Manganese,  ferro-silicate,  7,  84. 

Manganese,  silicate,  67,  84. 

Mansfield,  16,  63,  64,  69,  71,  73-76, 
94. 

Manton,  90,  100. 

Manufacturers  and  Farmers  Jour- 
nal, 7,  15. 

Manville,  .59,  66,  80.84. 

Maps,  geological,  3,  9,  11,  12,  14, 
17,  18,  21,  28,  29,  40-44.  48-53,  55, 
56,  95,  99,  106,  108.  (See  Colora- 
tion.) 

Maps,  topographical,  33,  .55, 57, 109, 
113.    (See  Charts.) 


Marble.    (See  Limestone,  granu- 
lar.) 
^Ntarcou.  17,  53. 
INIarine  fossils,  31,  32,  79. 
Marl,  (!(),  102,  104. 
Marshes,  113. 

Martha's  Vineyard,  33,  37,  39,  45. 
Mashapaug  Pond,  103. 
Mason,  7,  (i2,  64. 
IMasonlte,  12.  14,  15,  68,  86,  91. 
Massachusetts,   3,  8,  10-12,  15-17, 

23,  30,  36,  41-43.  54,  55,  57,  f)4,  95, 

107,  109,  110,  112. 
Massachusetts  Bay,  40. 
Massachusetts,  Eastern,  Geol.  of, 

30,  36.  41-43. 
Massachusetts  Geol.  Reports,  10- 

12,  15,  16,  30.  69. 
Massachusetts  Top.  Survey.  55,  57 

109. 
Mather,  8,  13. 
McGee,  55. 
Meade.  3.  4,  7. 
Medical  Repository,  109. 
Medical  topography,  40. 
Melanterite,  81. 
Memoirs  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist., 

22   29. 
M"'nac("anite,  81,  90,  92. 
Merrill,  92.  111. 
Merrimack  Valley,  33,  36. 
Mesozoic,  lOi;. 

Messages.  Gcjvernors",  3.3,  55,  57. 
Metamorpi)ic  coal.  12,  16,  17,  110. 

(See  Anthracite.) 
Metamori>hic  grit,  51. 
Metamorphic  iron  ore,  44. 
Metamori)hic  rocks,  2,  10,  17,  19, 

28,  52,  60-62,  106,  108. 
Metamorphic  slates,  11,  12,42,  0.3. 
Metamorphisni,   16,   20-22,   27,  37, 

42,  44,  .52,  92,  108. 
Metasomatosis,  37. 
Miantonomah  Hill.  19,  50,  63.  94. 
Mica,  51,  58.  60,  67,  85.  88,  92,  93. 
Micaceous  iron,  80,  90. 
Mica  schist,  20,  21,  37,  44,  51,  52,  85, 

91. 
Mica  slate,  6,  9,  11,  12,  17,  42,  60, 

63.  67.  88,  90. 
Michigan,  16. 
Microcline,  85. 
Microscopic  structui'e,  30,  44,  92, 

106,  114. 
Middletown,  11,  12.  70,  76,  78,  81- 

86,  93. 
Mill  River.  32. 
Millstone  Grit,  16,  19,  43,  107. 
Mineralogical  Journal.  3. 
Mineralogy,  works  on,  3, 6. 8, 14, 35. 
Minerals,  catalogues  of,  6,  30,  65- 

68,79-86,  114. 


INDEX. 


12J 


Minerals,  localities  of,  4-7,  (31-(;8, 

79-95. 
Minerals  of  R.  I.,  study  of,  105. 
Mineral  springs,  90,  91,  li;i. 
Mine-holes,  81,  87. 
Mines.    (See  Coalland  Iron,) 
Mispickel,  80. 
Mistissinnv  Lake,  25. 
Mitchell.  109. 
Modern  Petrograi)hy,  IOC. 
Molybdenite,  80,  87. 
Molybdennni  sulphide,  5,  65,  80. 
Money  stone,  92. 

Montalban,  24,  29,  3(),  41, 42.  5.3, 108. 
Montauk  Point,  14,  37,  38. 
Moshassuck  Kiver,  88. 
Moraines,  13,  43,  45-47. 
Moraines,  ground,  38,  39,  97. 
Moraines,  intermediate,  46,  47,  92. 
Moraines,  lateral,  28. 
Moraines,  terminal,  23,  26,  28,  30, 

33,  35-39,  44-49,  53,  92,  94,  109. 
Mountain  leather,  84. 
Mount  Hope,  11,  41,  58,  66,  82,  93. 
Mount  Hope  Coal  Mine,  15. 
Mount  Pleasant,  40,  90,  100. 
Mud,  99,  101,  103. 
Muscovite,  85,  94. 
Museum  Comp.  Zool.,  44,  52. 
Mylacris,  55,  79. 

Nacrite,  7,  85,  88. 
Nail-head  sjiar,  62,  82. 
Nantucket.  37,  39. 
Narragansett  basin,  42,  43,  68, 113. 
Narragansett  Bay,  9,  13,  16,  25-27, 

.30-33,  42,  45,  47,  48,  50-52,  55,  57, 

81,  10(i,  107,  109. 
Narragansett  Park,  103. 
Narragansett  Pier,  50,  51,  81,  104. 
Natick,  (iO,  67.  68,  84,  86,  91. 
National  Atlas,  55. 
National  Paibber  Co.,  104. 
Natural  faces,  88,  91. 
Natural  Hist.,  Boston  Journ.  of, 

14,  ()9,  110. 
Natural  Hist.,  N.  Y.,  13,  110. 
Naushon,  33. 
Nayatt  Brick  Co.,  104. 
Neck,  Block  Island,  35. 
Negley,  113. 

Nephrite,  4,  6,  30,  67,  86,  110. 
Neptunian,  37. 
Neuropteris,  ()9-71. 
Neutakoukanut  Hill.  59,  60,  66,90, 

100. 
Newberry,  47,  69,  72. 
New  England,  2,  8,  11,  17,  19,  22, 

24,  25,  27-32,  36,  37,  39-41,  43,  44, 

46-49,  53,  57,  87. 
New  England  Coal  Mining  Co.,  8. 
Newfoundland,  24. 


New  Hanii)shire,  14,  29,  30,  34,  3(). 
New   Hampshire    Geol.   Reports, 

14,  29,  .30,  lOf),  109. 
New  Haven,  8.  12,  14,  25,  27,  31,  32, 

49. 
New  Jersey,  7,  3(),  37,  45,  49. 
Newport,  3,  5,  (i.   10-12,  16,  18,  19, 

21,  23,  24,  29-.31.  36.  41-43,  48-52, 

57,  59,    61-()5,    78-86,  93,  94,  104, 
10(i,  108,  109,  111,  112,  114. 

New)K)rt  Neck,  19,  50-.52,  59,  61, 

64-()7,  81,  86,  94,  106. 
Newportite,  86. 
Newport   Nat.    Hist.    Soc.     (See 

Proceedings.) 
New  species,  fossil,  69,  70,  72,  79, 

114. 
New  survev,  need  of,  9,  33,  55-57, 

105.  10(i,  i09.  113. 
New  York,  4-8,  13.  1.5, 17,21,32,44, 

58.  110. 

New  York  Carbon  Iron  Co.,  113. 
New  York  Geol.  Reports,  13,  14, 

110,  111. 
>jew   York    Medical  Repositorj", 

109. 
New  York  Tribune,  113. 
Niantic,  111. 

Nicholson  File  Co.,  101,  102. 
Niles,  23. 

Nipnuick  tiuarry,  (iO,  94,  112. 
Noeggerathia,  75. 
No  Man's  Land,  37,  39. 
Nomenclature,  56. 
Norfolk  County  basin,  ;>0,  43. 
Norian,  24,  36,  53. 
North  Adams,  57. 
North  America,  47,  53. 
North  American  Review,  30. 
North  Carolina,  17. 
North  Kingstown.  50,  60,  ()3,  86,  92. 
North  Providence,  7,  59-6.3,  68,  79, 

82-84,  86,  94,  95. 
North  Sandwich,  37. 
Nortli  Smithfield,  79,  81-83,  86,  88. 
Nova  Scotia,  20. 

Obliteration  of  fossils,  108. 

Ocean,  5,  20,  22. 

Ocean,   depression  of,   22,  27,  40. 

(See  I;and.) 
Ochre,  03,  65,  80,  81,  94. 
Octahedrite,  80. 
Odontopteris,  72. 
Ohio,  16. 

Old  Mountain,  38. 
Old  Red  Sandstone,  11,  107, 110. 
Olivine,  37,  44,  84,  87,  114. 
Opal,  83. 

Opinion,  changes  of,  106. 
Orange  County,  N.  Y.,  44. 
Ordovician,  10(!,  112. 


124 


GEOLOGY    OF    RHODE    ISLAND. 


Orient  Point,  o7. 

Origin  of  crystalline  rocks,  20,  21, 

24,  25,  3(j,  .-JT,  57,  108. 
Origin  of  limestones  and  dolomite, 

12,  20,  24,  108. 
Origin  of  silicates,  20,  37. 
Orthoclase,  85,  92. 
Ottrelite,  52,  SO,  94. 

Packard,  22,  27,  56. 

Packard's  Rocks,  50. 

Paljeophycus,  79. 

Paleozoic,  19,  20,  24,  30,  3(j,  37,  42, 

52,  79,  107.  109,  112. 
Pallasite,  114. 
Paradise,  19,  2(3,  48,  49,  51,  5(i,  85, 

80,  93. 
Parallel  drift  hills,  54. 
Parallel  ridges,  23,  54. 
Parsons,  40. 
Partridge,  5. 
Pascoag  gneiss,  94,  111. 
Pawtucket,  9-12,  03,  71,  79,  81-83, 

8(i,  94,  112,  114. 
Pawtuxet,  80,  82,  83,  80. 
Pearl  spar,  82,  83. 
Peat,  34,  35,  54,  5(J,  64,  94. 
Pebbles,  10,  13,  18, 19,  21, 22,  26,  27, 

29,  31,  33,  38,  42,  43,  45,  48,  52,  54, 

63,  92,  93,  98.  101,  108. 
Pebbles,  elongated.    (See  Purga- 
tory.) 

Pecopteris,  68,  69,  72-74. 

Peirce,  25,  30. 

Pennsylvania,  3,  7,  12,  14,  16,  17, 

20,  .36,  40,  107,  111. 
Pennsylvania  Geol.  Reports,  36, 

40,  41, 08-79,  111. 
Percival,  12. 
Peridotyte,  44,  81. 
Perry,  27,  114. 
Perryville,  38. 
Petrograiihy,  Modern,  lOtJ. 
Petrosilex,  37. 
Philadelphia,  3-(),  12,  17,21,  29,  40, 

.55. 
Phillips,  14,  58. 
Phosphorus,  23. 
Photicite,  84,  87. 
Phyllite,  80,  90,  91.  104. 
Picrolite,  86,  88.  94. 
Pine  cones.  .56. 
Pinnularia,  78. 
Pittsburg,  113. 
Plagioclase,  44,  85,  114. 
Plains,  14,  30,  35. 
Planes  of  division.    (See  Joints.) 
Plasticity,  18,  19,  21,  22,  31,  93. 
Plications,  49. 

Plumbaginous  anthracite,  28,  52. 
Plumbaginous  argillyte,  .52. 
Plumbago,  6.  14,  19,   20,  28,  52,  53, 

64,  80,  91,  96,102.  (See  Graphite.) 


Plum  Island,  13,  37,  39,  41. 
Plutonic  rocks,  .36. 
Plymouth  County,  16,  42. 
Pocasset  Coal  and  Iron  Co.,  23, 
Point  Juditli,  31,  32,  :38,  39,  41,  47, 

50,  58. 
Poker  Hill,  80. 
Pomp's  Pond,  4.3. 
Pond  filled,  99. 
Ponds,  25,  34,  35,  38,  40. 
Poppasquash  Neck,  63,  64,  92. 
Popular  Science  Monthly,  28,  35, 

44. 
Porphyritic  gneiss,  60. 
Porphyritic  granite,  58-60. 
Porphyritic  magnetite,  53,  66,  81, 

87. 
Porphyry,  12,  17,  2(i. 
Port  Jefterson,  37,  39, 
Portsmouth,  3,  10-12,  16, 17,  19,  23, 

30,  34,  54,  57,  63,  64,  74,  80-82,  84, 

86,  93. 
Portsmouth  Coal,  3,  16,  17,  19,  34, 

54,  57,  63,  64. 
Portsmouth  mines,  .3,  23,  64,  93. 
Post-Tertiary,  25,  27,  36. 
Pot-holes,  15. 
Potsdam,  18,  79, 106,  112. 
Potter's,  (i5. 
Potter's  Hill,  67. 
Powell.  46,  55. 
Prang  Ed.  Co.,  114. 
Prase,  (i7,  82,  87. 
Presl,  78. 

Pre-glacial  sand  hills,  .32. 
Price's  Neck,  61. 
Primary  rocks,  2,  9,  10,  1.3,  17,  60- 

<)2,  108.  110. 
Prime,  40,  112. 
Primitive  rocks,  2,  3,  7,  108. 
Primordial,  42,  4.3.  53.  106. 
Proceedings  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  12. 
Proceedings    Amer.  Assoc.  Adv. 

Sci.,  15,  18,   22,  24,  28,  34,   36,  39, 

41,  47,  48.  69. 
Proceedings     Boston    Soc.    Nat. 

Hist.,  15,  18,  22,  23,  27,  30,  31,  33, 

34,  37,  41,  45,  48,  51,  .56,  114. 
Proceedings  Canad.  Inst.,  52. 
Proceedings  Newport  Nat.  Hist. 

Soc,  48.  49,  51,  .52,  69,  114. 
Prospect  Hill,  7.  90. 
Protogine,  19,  51,  .58. 
Providence,  2-8.  11,  15,  16,  19,  22, 

23,  31-33,  40,  42,  53.  55,  58,  63-155, 

71.    79,  80-86,  88-92,  94-103,  111, 

112,  114. 
Providence  Gas  Co.,  103. 
Providence  Journal,  23,  24,  40,  53, 

.55-57,  112,  113. 
Providence  Press,  47. 
Providence  River,  99. 
Providence  Steam  Engine  Co.,  99. 


INDEX. 


125 


Providence  Worsted  Mills,  102. 
Prudence  Island,  93. 
Pseudomoriihisni,  20,  S3,  86,  94. 
Pseudopecopteris,  74,  75. 
Publications,  2-57,  109-ll(i. 
Pudding  stone,  22.  (ISeeConglom.) 
Pumpellj",  112. 
Purgatory,  6,  10-12,  15,  19,  22,  31, 

48-51,  63,  93.    (See  Distortion.) 
Putnam,  54. 
Pyrite,  8,  ()4-66,  79-81,  83,88,  92,94, 

104. 
Pyrolusite,  81,  87. 
Pyroxene,  20,  84. 

Quarries,  87-92,  94,  95,  111,  112. 
Quartz,  7,  20,  43,  53,  65-67,  81-83, 

85,  87,  92,  93,  98,  103,  104,  110. 
Quartz,  blue,  82. 
Quartz,  cellular,  83. 
Quartz  crystals,  .53,  66,  80,  82,  83, 

88,  93. 
Quartz,  drusy,  66,  82. 
Quartz,  ferruginous,  83. 
Quartz,  fetid,  83. 
Quartz,  tibrous,  83. 
Quartz,  granular,  61,  (H>,  83,  88. 
Quartz,  greasy,  82. 
Quartzite,  20,  42,  48,  52. 
Quartz,  massive.  83. 
Quartz,  milky,  66,  82,  91,  93. 
Quartz,  oi)alized,  83. 
Quartzose  aggregates,  11. 
Quartz  pebbles,  63. 
Quartz,  pseudomorphous,  83. 
Quartz,  radiated,  83. 
Quartz  rock,  12,  59,  m,  110. 
Quartz,  rose,  82. 
Quartz,  sagenitic,  67,  83,  93. 
Quartz,  smoky,  6(). 
Quartz,  stalactitic,  8.3,  88. 
Quartz  veins,  origin  of,  110. 
Quartzyte  conglomerate,  51. 
Quaternary,  25,  47. 
Quick-sand.  98-104. 
Quincy  granite,  41. 
Quinnipiac  River,  32. 

Rachiopteris,  75. 

Railway  demand  for  topographic 

maps,  113. 
Random  Notes  Nat.  Hist.,  49,  53, 

55,  56. 
Ravines,  .56,  91.    (See  Valleys.) 
Razy,  rtH,  60,  63. 
Reclamation  of  marshes,  113. 
Red  chalk,  80. 
Red  graywacke,  63. 
Red  ochre,  80. 
Reform  School,  103. 
Reindeer,  31. 
Remarks,  general,  105-109. 


Report,  U.  S.  Coa.st  Survey,  25-27. 
Reports,  geolog.  and   topograph. 

Amer.  Geog.  Soc,  32. 

Canada,  21,  53. 

Conn.,  8,  12,  13. 

Ills..  68,111. 

Maine,  8,  21. 

Mass.,  10-12,  15, 16,  .30,  .55, 
69.  (See  Massachu- 
setts.) 

X.  H.,  14,  29,  30,  106,  109. 

N.  J.,  .30. 

N.  Y.,  13,  14,  110,  111. 

Penn.,  36,  40,  41,  68-79, 
111. 

R.  I.,  8-10,  15,  23,  25-27, 
33,  40,  58-68,  113.  (See 
Jackson's,  Governors'.) 

U.  S.,  4(),  47,  5.5,  112,  11.3. 
(See  Bulletin.) 

Vt.,  14,  21. 

(See  Surveys.) 
Rhabdocarpus,  78. 
Rhacophyllum,  70,  75. 
Rhode    Island,  island   of.     (See 

Aquidneck.) 
Rhode  Island  American,  3. 
Rhode  Island  Citizen,  53. 
Rhode  Island  Coal  Co.,  3. 
Rhode  Island  Tool  Co.,  100. 
Rhodonite,  84, 
Rhomb  si)ar,  62,  82,  88. 
Ribbon  agate,  8,3. 
Richmond,  58,  60. 
Richmond  Mfg.  Co.,  102. 
Ridges,    30.    33.     (See    Paradise, 

Snake  Den,  Wolf  Rocks.) 
Ridgeway,  22,  23. 
River  Po'int.  104. 
Rivers,  erosion  by,  17. 
River-valley  formations,  31,  32. 
Robinson,  5-7,  79,  81,  94. 
Roches  moutonne'es,  26. 
Rock  basins,  4(). 
Rock  crystal,  82. 
Rock,  decaying,  89. 
Rock  Farm,  61,  65. 
Rocking  stones,  5,  7,91,  94. 
Rockland  factories,  .58,  60. 
Rocks  of  R.  I.,  lists  of,  11,  12,  58- 

64,  114. 
Rocks  of  R.  I.,  study  of,  106-109. 
Rocks,  unstratified,  58,  59.    (See 

Igneous.) 
Rocky  Hill,  100. 
Rocky  Mts..  ;)3. 
Roehl,  71. 
Roemer,  (;9,  72. 
Rogers,  H.  D..  17,  20,  111. 
Rogers.  W.  B.,  18,  21,  31,  79,  9.3. 
Roger  Williams  Rock,  96,  99. 
Rose  Island,  50,  86. 


126 


CEOLOGY     OF     RHODE     ISLAND. 


Rose  (iiiart/,  82. 
Round  Rocks,  53,  Hi). 
Riinistick  Point,  (>:i. 
Rutile,  80,  8.",  90,  !»2,  <i:!. 

Siu'hupst,  48,  51,  <):?. 

Sachuest  Point,  19,  30,  7(). 

.Sagenite.    (See  Quartz.) 

Salilite,  07,   84. 

JSaint  John's  Cliurcli,  88. 

Saint  Lawrence  River,  25. 

Saint  Lawrence  Co.,  N.  Y..  llo. 

Saint  Ste|>hen's  Churcli,  88,  112. 

Salisbury.  4."),  09.  7."),  78,  114. 

Saiul,  .5,  13,  2(i,  .•;4,  3.'.,  39,  .50,  .5.3,54, 
04,  81,  90,  94,  90-104.     (See  Iron.) 

Sand,  absence  of,  20. 

Sand-drifts,  93. 

Sand  Hill,  38, 

Sands'  Pond,  .35. 

Sandstone.  14,  10,  19,  43,  103,  107. 

Sandy  Hill,  .35,  .5(i. 

Sandy  I'oint,  .35,  48. 

Sankaty  Head,  37. 

Saussufite,  85,  110. 

Sayles'  Bleacliery,  80. 

Saylesville,  104.  " 

Schimper,  09,  72,  75,  70. 

Schist,  19,  20,  51.  (See  Horn- 
blende, Mica.) 

Schlotheiui,  (iO,  72,  7.3,  75. 

Science,  47,  48,  57,  109,  112,  113. 

Science  Advocate,  45. 

Scientific  work,  U.  S.,  .55. 

Scituate,  58,  oo.  80-82,  84,  85,  94. 

Scolithus,  4.3,  79. 

Scoria,  «il. 

Scotland,  10. 

Scott's  Pond,  88. 

Scratches.    (See  Glacial  striae.) 

Scudder,  30,  55,  09,  114. 

Scythe-stones,  (iO,  88. 

Sea-border  formations,  31. 

Sea  level.    (See  Land.) 

Sea  salt,  origin  of,  2o. 

Secondary  rocks,  3,  17. 

Sections,  geological,  9,  17,  19,  2.5, 
45,  48,  50,  51,  87,  88,  90,  93,  94, 110. 

Sections.    (See  Microscopic.) 

Seeds,  fossil,  78. 

Seekonk,  11,  10,  47,  54,  03,  81,  86. 

Seekonk  River,  97,  99. 

Separation  of  minerals,  10(). 

Serpentine,  12,  15,  19,  20,  23,  29,  37, 
44,  59,  GO,  00, 80-88,  90,  94, 109, 110, 
114. 

Serpentine  rock.  .59. 

Sewage  works,  103. 

Sewage  drawn  to  well,  103. 

Shale,  43, 9(i,  102,  104. 

Shaler,  22,  23,  25-27,  29,  30,  45,  50, 
.5.5,  100,  108,  109,111,  113. 


Shawnnit  group,  42, 106. 

Shepard,  .5,  7,  8, 

Shells,  98,  99. 

Shock  and  lee,  2(>,  45. 

Shore  in  Carbonif.  times,  26,  .50. 

Shurrocks,  114. 

Siderite,  61,  81,  83,  90,  93,  94. 

Sideritic  argillyte,  .51,  61. 

Sigillaria,  43,  78. 

Silex,  110. 

Silicates,  origin  of,  20. 

Siliceous  argillyte,  51, 106. 

Silic(>ous  rocks.  111. 

Siliceous  slate,  19. 

Sillinian,  4,  (J,  7,  10. 

Silliman's  Journal,  15.  (See  Amer. 

Journ.  Science.) 
Silurian,  10,  24,  26,  28,  29,  .36,  43,51, 

55,  .5(i,  79,  106,  108,  112. 
Silver,  2,  80.    (See  Argentiferous.) 
Silver  Spring,  91,  99, 103. 
Silver  Spring  Co.,  100,  101. 
Slate,  4,  9,  16,  18-20,  30,  41-43,  51, 

52,  60-0(5,  84,  96,  98,  99, 102-104. 
Slate  Hill,  (J3. 
Slickensi(les,  45,  49. 
Smith,  15. 
Smithfleld,  4-7,  9,  11,  12,  30,  41,  53, 

58-62,  65-68,  79,  81,  82,  84,  85, 110- 

112. 
Smithfield  granite.  Ill,  112. 
Smithlield  Granite  Co.,  111. 
Smitlitield  ledge,  88. 
Smithlield  limestone  stratified, 110. 
Smith's  Hill,  90,  100. 
Smithsonian,  17,  29. 
Smithtown,  14. 
Smock,  3(),  48. 
Snake  Den,  89,  111. 
Sneech  Pond,  87. 

Soapstone,  59. 86, 90.  (See  Steatite.) 
Soapstone  rock,  68. 
Society  £nc.  Domes.  Indus.,  9, 23. 
Sockanosset,  64,  91, 103. 
Soda  carbonate,  20. 
Soils,  9,  34,  (i4,  89,  110. 
Soundings,  5.5,  57,  99,  101. 
Southgate,  60. 
South  Kingstown,  38, 39,  50,  58,  60, 

85,  86,  91,  92. 
South  Kingstown  Ferry,  60. 
South  Scituate,  94. 
Sow-backs,  54. 
Spathic  iron,  81. 
Specular  iron,  80. 
Specular  .schi.st,  20. 
Sphene,  86,  92. 
Sphenophyllum,  69,  7(),  77. 
Sphenopteris,  68-70,  74,  75. 
Spinelle,  110. 
Springfield  Repnb.,  113. 
Springs,  3.5,  IK),  91,  97,  113. 


INDEX. 


127 


Stalactitic  hematite,  65,  80. 
Stalactitic  quartz,  Ki,  88. 
Starve-goat  Island,  103. 
Statistics  of  coal,  17,  112. 
Staurolite,  28,  52,  86,  94. 
Staiirotide,  86. 
Steatite,  20,  81,  84,  86-88,  90.     (See 

Soapstone.) 
Steel,  113. 

Sternberg,  69,  71,  75-78. 
Stigniaria,  69,  78. 
Stilbite,  86. 

Stockbridge  limestone,  110. 
Stone,  41,  48. 
Stone.     (See  Building.) 
Strata,  11,  19,  53,  54,  57,  95-105,113.. 
Strata,  age  of  R.  1.,  10(i-109. 
Stratilied  limestone,  42,  110. 
Stratified  primary  rocks,  60-62. 
Striae.    (See  Glacial.) 
Strike,  11,  16,  19,  41,  48,  r-,0. 
Sub-carboniferous,  19,  43,  107,  108, 

111. 
Submarine  channels,  40,  44. 
Substitution,  64. 
Sulphur,  23,  52,  79. 
Sulphurets,  20. 

Surface  geology,  2,  17,  29,  36,  109. 
Surface  rock.    (See  Ledges.) 
Survey.    (See  New.) 
Surveys,  geological,  30,  33,  40,  105, 

106.  113.     (See  Reports.) 
Surveys,  topographical,  30,  32,  33, 

55-57,  105,  109,  113.    (See  Coast 

Survey.) 
Swanzey,  (52,  63. 
Syenite,  12,  17,  24,  26,  59,  87,  111. 


Taberg,  44. 

Taconian,  36,  .53. 

Taeonic,  17,  106,  108,  110,  112. 

Taggart's  Ferry.  48. 

Talc,  5,  59,  62.  68,  86,  88,  90,  93,  94, 

110. 
Talco-micaceous  slate,  60,  61. 
Talcose  limestone,  62. 
Talcose  rock,  .59,  (i6. 
Talcose  .schist,  18,  20,  21. 
Talcose  slate,  12,  61,  65. 
Taunton,  43. 
Taunton  River,  10. 
Taylor,  5,  17,  83. 
Temiscamang  Lake,  25. 
Terrace  formation,  36,  44. 
Terraces,  13,  15,  28,  30-32,  45. 
Terranovan,  24.  36. 
Tertiary,  9,  13,  28,  32,  33,  39,  50,  64. 

107. 
Teschemacher,  14.  (!8-74,  76. 
Test  wells,  99,  lUl,  103. 
Text-books,  2,  4,  21,  35. 


Theories.  (See  Creuitic,  Distor- 
tion, Drift,  Glacial,  Iceberg, 
Joints,  Origin.) 

Thetis  hair  stone,  83,  87. 

Thomson,  7. 

Thurber,  94. 

Thurber's  ledge,  90,  111. 

Thurston,  23. 

Till,  30,  38,  39,  44,  46,  54,  97.  (See 
Hard-pan.) 

Titanic  hcrmatite,  81. 

Titaniferous  magnetite,  12,  23,  66, 
81,  87,  114. 

Titanite,  86. 

Titanium,  4. 

Titanium  oxide,  80. 

Tiverton,  10,  11,  19,  41,  50. 

Tool  Co.,  98,  100,  101. 

Topaz,  false,  82. 

Topographical.  (See  Maps,  Sur- 
veys.) 

Topography,  25, 36.  (See  Medical.) 

Topography  of  glaciated  regions. 
45. 

Toronto,  .52. 

Torpedo  Station,  104. 

Torrey,  5. 

Totten,  61. 

Tottenite,  61. 

Touchstone,  83. 

Tourmaline,  85. 

Tower  Hill,  5,  50,  59,  64,  84,  85,  87, 
91. 

Trade,  Board  of,  113. 

Transactions  Amer.  Inst.  Mining 
Eng.,  34,  40,  54,  56. 

Transactions  Amer.  Phil.  Soc,  5. 

Transactions,  Assoc.  Amer.  Geol., 
12,  13. 

Transition  formation,  3,  4,  7,  9, 10, 
17.  107. 

Transition  graywacke,  62,  107. 

Transportation  of  drift,  10,  12,  13, 
26,  27,  .54,  56,  81.  87,  89-91.  (See 
Glacial  motion, Cumberland  iron 
boulders.) 

Trail  rock,  9,  10,  13,  31,  .36,  59,  93, 
110. 

Travertine,  82. 

Trees,  Block  Is.,  .34,  .35,  56. 

Treniolite,  7,  67,  84,  87,  88. 

Triassic,  43,  107. 

Trilobite,  114. 

Troost,  4,  5. 

Troy,  10. 

Tucker,  95. 

Tucker's  Pond,  39. 

Unger,  78. 

United  States  Geol.  Survey,  46,47, 

53.  55-57,  108,  112,  11.3. 
United  States  scientific  work,  55. 


128 


GEOLOGY    OF     RHODE     ISLAND. 


Uphani,  29,  S4,  36^0,  46,  48,  109. 
Uxbridge,  65. 

Valenciennes,  70. 

Valley  Falls,  16, 19,  80,  86,  87. 

Vallev  Falls  mine,  87. 

Valley  Worsted  Co.,  102. 

Valleys,  14,  2.5.  31,  .35,  36,  39, 46,  47, 
49,  51,  89.  (See  Glacial  depres- 
sions.) 

Valleys,  pre-glacial,  46,  56. 

Value  of  topog.  maps,  32,  109,  114. 

Vanuxeni,  6,  17, 

Veins,  dislocated,  49. 

Veins  of  basalt,  6. 

Veins  of  quartz,  origin,  110. 

Vermont,  14,  17,  18,  21,  110. 

Vermont  Geol.  Keports,  14,  21. 

Village  Hill,  38. 

Virginia,  16. 

Vitriol  works,  101. 

Volkmannia.  77. 

Vose,  22, 

Wadsworth,  44,  52,  114. 

Wakefield.  38. 

Waleott,  112. 

Walker,  28,  55. 

Walling,  .55. 

Wallum  Pond,  95. 

Warren,  11,  62,  G3. 

Warren's  Point,  58. 

Warwick,  5,  9,  11,  12,  19,  58,  60,  68, 

73,  74,  80,  81,  83,  86,  91. 
Warwick  Neck,  58,  64,  91.  104. 
Washington,  .55,  113. 
Washington  Bridge,  99. 
Watch  Hill,  31,  32. 
Water  in  coal,  54,  93. 
Water  supply,  97-105. 
Waterman  quarry.  111. 
Watertovvn,  23. 
Watson's  Pier,  85. 
Webb,  4,  5,  79,  81,  83,  86. 
Webster,  4. 


Weight  of  ice  cause  depression  of 

land,  44. 
Weiss,  74. 

Wells,  53,  .57,  81,  95,  97-105. 
Wernerian,  10. 

Westerly,  8.  38,  80-86,  92,  111. 
West  Island,  50,  51. 
West  Greenwich,  60,  111. 
Wetniore,  .57. 
Whalebacks,  .54. 
What  Cheer  Brewery,  103. 
Whelden's  ledge,  95. 
Whetstones,  88. 
Whipple.  59,  61,  62,  66. 
White,  59,  65-67. 
White  Mountains,  24,  36. 
Whiting,  .55. 
Whitney.  15,  .30,  52. 
Whittlesey,  22. 
Wickford,  11,  12,  47,  60,  86,  94. 
Wilkesbarre,  74. 
Williams,  88,  96,  106. 
Williamstown,  .57. 
Willow  Grove,  .59,  61. 
Wilson,  33. 
Windmill  Plill,  100. 
Wolf  Ptocks,  56,  91. 
Wood's  Castle,  48,  93. 
Woonasquatucket  River,  101, 102. 
Woonsocket,  6,  60,  79-81,  84-86,  88, 

HI,  112. 
Woonsocket  Falls,  60. 
Woonsocket  Hill,  61,  66,  83,  88. 
Worcester,  10,  14,  21. 
AVorden's  Pond,  39. 
Wrentham,  16, 19,  63,  64,  77.  94. 
Wright,  3.3,  37,  41,  43,  47,  .53. 

Yale  College,  4. 

Yellow  ochre,  63.  65,  81,  94. 

Yenite,  4-7,  85,  87. 

Zeiller,  70. 

Zoisite,  5,  6,  11.  12,  67,  85,  93. 


GEOLOGY  OF  RHODE  ISLAND.  129 

ADDENDA. 

(Not  included  in  Index.) 

1876.  James  T.  Gardner.  "■Relation  between  Topo- 
graphical Surveys  and  the  Study  of  Public  Health."  xVn 
address  delivered  before  the  American  Public  Health  Associa- 
tion,  at  Boston.      10  pp.,  Albany. 

1884.  M.  E.  Wadswortii.  Memoirs  of  the  Museum  of 
Comparative  Zoology  at  Harvard  College,  in  Cambridge,  vol. 
11,  "  Lithological  Studies,"  Parti,,  pp. 75-83.  The  "  Cum- 
berlandite"  of  Iron  Mine  Hill,  Cumberland,  an  apparently  erup- 
tive mass  of  magnetite,  containing  crystals  of  olivine,  feldspar, 
etc.,  is  described  as  a  terrestrial  variety  of  Pallasite.  On 
plates  1  and  2,  figures  are  given  of  microscopic  sections  of  the 
rock.     See  pp.  44  and  114  of  this  Report. 

1886.  H.  F.  Walling.  "  Topographic  Surveys  of 
States."  Read  before  the  Boston  Society  of  Civil  Engineers, 
pp.  163-176. 

1888.  Providence  Journal.  "Advantages  of  a  State  Geo- 
logical Survey,"  an  editorial  article,  Feb.  1. 

Report  of  Meeting  of  "  R.I.  Historical  Society.  Advantages 
of  a  Topographical  and  Geological  Survey  of  the  State  Advo- 
cated." Papers  by  A.  S.  Packard  and  S.  F.  Peckham,  the 
former  printed  nearly  in  full,  Feb. 9. 

"  Sewer  Test  Wells.  Interesting  Conditions  Met  in  Sinking 
Land  and  Water  Soundings,"  Feb.  12. 


Nearly  200  test  wells  have  been  sunk  along  the  lines  of  tlie 
proposed  .sewers  and  sewage  works  at  Field's  Point  and  in 
various  parts  of  the  city  of  Providence,  of  which  accurate 
records  have  been  kept  in  the  office  of  the  city  engineer.  The 
deepest  well  was  nearly  lO'J  feet  below  high  water,  on  the  line 
of  the  siphon  across  the  Providence  river,  from  India  street  to 
near  the  foot  of  Langley  street.  The  depth  below  high  water 
at  which  bed-rock  was  struck  on  the  line  of  this  siphon  varies 
from  89  feet  near  the  east  side  to  109  feet  on  the  west  side, 
passing  through  about   19   feet  of  water,  22  feet  of  river  mud 


130-  GEOLOOY  OF  EIIODE  ISLAND. 

and  silt,  then  layers  of  sand  and  fine  gravel,  very  fine  sand, 
and  sand  and  coarse  gravel.  In  India  street,  near  the  river, 
rock  was  strnck  at  a  depth  of  96^  feet.  At  Field's  Point,  a 
ledge  or  boulder  was  struck  at  62  feet  depth  ;  but  no  other 
ledge  was  found  iu  that  region,  even  at  96  feet.  Between  Mill 
street  and  the  river,  just  north  of  the  Cleveland  Mill,  slate  ledge 
was  struck  at  about  16  feet,  and  on  Bark  street  the  rock  was  from 
5  feet  to  11  feet,  below  the  surface.  Quick-sand  was  found 
from  Ashburton  street  to  the  Wanskuck  Mills,  at  about  10  feet 
beloAv  the  surface,  and  extended  as  deep  as  the  wells  were 
driven,  in  one  well  to  a  depth  of  59  feet.  Some  quick-sand  and 
very  fine  sand  were  also  found  in  other  parts  of  the  city,  but 
the  materials  were  mostly  coarser  sand  and  gravel.  The  gravel 
was  more  extensive  and  compact  on  the  east  side  than  on  the 
west  side  of  the  river.  Very  little  clay  was  found.  At  the 
corner  of  Cove  and  Mathewson  streets,  was  a  stratum  of  river 
mud  or  silt.  At  Field's  Point,  bog  mud  and  peat  were  found 
near  the  clam  house  and  near  the  location  of  the  precipitation 
•  tanks;  and  in  this  region,  unlike  that  of  the  siphon,  the  ar- 
rangement of  the  material  varied  considerably  in  different  wells, 
even  when  not  more  than  one  or  two  hundred  feet  apart. 

On  Foimtain  street,  near  Dean  sti'eet,  Providence,  private 
parties  have  recently  bored  182  feet  deep,  striking  the  ledge, 
overlaid  by  gravel,  at  130  feet  from  the  surface.  They  went 
through  52  feet  of  carboniferous  shale,  the  last  part  quite 
black  and  soft. 

Rev.  Edgar  F.  Clark  has  recently  found,  at  Pawtucket, 
other  rare  fossils,  one  of  which  is  the  wing  of  an  insect,  closely 
related  to  the  Mylacris  Fackardii,  and  much  more  perfectly 
preserved  than  the  specimen  figured  in  this  Report. 

Providence,  February,  1888. 


xOUNO, 


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STORRS, 


